Role of subcellular organelles: metabolism in the cytosol
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The obvious advantages of combining a number of enzymes, catalysing a series of connected or closely related reactions, within one compartment have been realized in a multitude of subcellular organelles. However, not only has the physical separation of such sets of enzymes been put to profitable use, but it is very often found that the membrane surrounding an organelle plays an active role in regulating the movement of the small molecules to be acted upon from one compartment to the other. In this chapter some properties of the mitochondrion as an example of this compartmentation will be discussed.
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Acidification to pH 5.0 of various organ homogenates prepared in 0.25 M sucrose causes aggregation of cell organelles. Aggregated organelles are removed through standard centrifugation. Cytosol obtained reveals only slight activity of membrane and lysosomal enzymes. The cytosol is useful for evaluation of changes in enzyme distribution in cell.
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The cellular compartment plays an essential role in organizing the complex and diverse biochemical reactions within the cell. By mimicking the function of such cellular compartments, the challenge of constructing artificial compartments has been taken up to develop new biochemical tools for efficient material production and diagnostics. The important features required for the artificial compartment are that it isolates the interior from the external environment and is further functionalized to control the transport of target chemicals to regulate the interior concentration of both substrate and reaction products. In this study, an artificial compartment with size-selective molecular transport function was constructed by using a DNA origami-guided liposome prepared by modifying the method reported by Perrault et al. This completely isolates the liposome interior, including the DNA origami skeleton, from the external environment and allows the assembly of a defined number of molecules of interest inside and/or outside the compartment. By incorporating a bacterial membrane protein, OmpF, into the liposome, the resulting artificial compartment was shown to transport only the molecule of interest with a molecular weight below 600 Da from the external environment into the interior of the compartment.
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Compartmentalization (fire protection)
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Rab
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Complex metabolic steady state systems in which a central compartment (blood) exchanges compound with independent peripheral compartments (tissues), with synthesis and loss of compound occurring in the system, are examined. Factors that result in the simplification of complex biological systems into two-compartment open systems are discussed. Equations are derived for the two-compartment open system which allow calculation of: compartment size for central and combined peripheral compartments, total rate of exchange between these compartments, and total rate of synthesis and loss of compound from the system. Data required for these calculations can be obtained with relative ease from the accessible central compartment. Thus, a tracer dose of labeled compound is introduced into the central compartment and the specific activity-time relations of the compound are determined. Values derived by graphical analysis of this curve and knowledge of the dose of labeled compound administered are the only primary data needed to determine the parameters of the system. Practical applications of this analysis to model and biological systems are presented. Submitted on March 13, 1961
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