Cyclodextrines as Functional Agents for Decontamination of the Skin Contaminated by Nerve Agents
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Abstract:
Three decontamination solutions of beta-cyclodextrines were prepared. Their abilities to decontamine rat skin contamined with nerve agent soman were tested. Decontamination efficacy of the tested cyclodextrine solutions was compared with the same decontamination means but without the cyclodextrines. The efficacy of tested decontaminants was evaluated by the assessment of the ID50 values. Two decontamination prescriptions with cyclodextrines (tetraborate buffer and tetraborate buffer with acetone) do not show significantly better decontamination efficacies in comparison with prescriptions without cyclodextrines. Only in case of aqueous solution of 2-aminoethanol the addition of beta-cyclodextrine resulted in significant increase (32%) in decontamination efficacy.Keywords:
Human decontamination
We have developed enzyme-based composites that rapidly and effectively detoxify simulants of V- and G-type chemical warfare nerve agents. The approach was based on the efficient immobilization of organophosphorus hydrolase onto carbon nanotubes to form active and stable conjugates that were easily entrapped in commercially available paints. The resulting catalytic-based composites showed no enzyme leaching and rendered >99% decontamination of 10 g/m(2) paraoxon, a simulant of the V-type nerve agent, in 30 minutes and >95% decontamination of diisopropylfluorophosphate, a simulant of G-type nerve agent, in 45 minutes. The formulations are expected to be environmentally friendly and to offer an easy to use, on demand, decontamination alternative to chemical approaches for sustainable material self-decontamination.
Human decontamination
Chemical Warfare Agents
Paraoxon
Chemical warfare
Chemical agents
Environmentally Friendly
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Highly toxic organophosphorus compounds (OPs) were originally developed for warfare or as agricultural pesticides. Today, OPs represent a serious threat to military personnel and civilians. This study investigates the in vivo decontamination of male Wistar rats percutaneously exposed to paraoxon and two potent nerve agents - soman (GD) and VX. Four commercial detergents were tested as decontaminants - Neodekont TM , Argos TM , Dermogel TM , and FloraFree TM . Decontamination performed 2 min after exposure resulted in a higher survival rate in comparison with non-decontaminated controls. The decontamination effectiveness was expressed as protective ratio (PR, median lethal dose of agent in decontaminated animals divided by the median lethal dose of agent in untreated animals). The highest decontamination effectiveness was consistently achieved with Argos TM (PR=2.3 to 64.8), followed by Dermogel TM (PR=2.4 to 46.1). Neodekont TM and FloraFree TM provided the lowest decontamination effectiveness, equivalent to distilled water (PR=1.0 to 43.2).
Human decontamination
Paraoxon
Distilled water
Tabun
Median lethal dose
Lethal dose
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Human decontamination
Lotion
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Three decontamination solutions of beta-cyclodextrines were prepared. Their abilities to decontamine rat skin contamined with nerve agent soman were tested. Decontamination efficacy of the tested cyclodextrine solutions was compared with the same decontamination means but without the cyclodextrines. The efficacy of tested decontaminants was evaluated by the assessment of the ID50 values. Two decontamination prescriptions with cyclodextrines (tetraborate buffer and tetraborate buffer with acetone) do not show significantly better decontamination efficacies in comparison with prescriptions without cyclodextrines. Only in case of aqueous solution of 2-aminoethanol the addition of beta-cyclodextrine resulted in significant increase (32%) in decontamination efficacy.
Human decontamination
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The decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWA) from structures, environmental media, and even personnel has become an area of particular interest in recent years due to increased homeland security concerns. In addition to terrorist attacks, scenarios such as accidental releases of CWA from U.S. stockpile sites or from historic, buried munitions are also subjects for response planning. To facilitate rapid identification of practical and effective decontamination approaches, this paper reviews pathways of CWA degradation by natural means as well as those resulting from deliberately applied solutions and technologies; these pathways and technologies are compared and contrasted. We then review various technologies, both traditional and recent, with some emphasis on decontamination materials used for surfaces that are difficult to clean. Discussion is limited to the major threat CWA, namely sulfur mustard (HD, bis[2-chloroethyl]sulfide), VX (O-ethyl S-[2-diisopropylaminoethyl] methylphosphonothioate), and the Gseries nerve agents. The principal G-agents are GA (tabun, ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate), GB (sarin, isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate), and GD (soman, pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate). The chemical decontamination pathways of each agent are outlined, with some discussion of intermediate and final degradation product toxicity. In all cases, and regardless of the CWA degradation pathway chosen for decontamination, it will be necessary to collect and analyze pertinent environmental samples during the treatment phase to confirm attainment of clearance levels.
Human decontamination
Tabun
Chemical Warfare Agents
Sulfur mustard
Chemical warfare
Accidental poisoning
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Abstract : Current doctrine describes the use of the M291 Skin Decontamination Kit (SDK), 0.5% hypochlorite solution (household bleach diluted 1 to 10) and 1% soapy water solution to decontaminate skin exposed to chemical warfare agents. Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) is a new product being considered and was recently approved by the FDA. This study directly compares the efficacy of these four decontamination products, in the clipped haired guinea pig model, following challenges by soman (GD), VX, and Russian VX (VR). The protective ratio (PR) was calculated from the derived median lethal dose-response curves established for each agent and non-decontaminated control animals. RSDL was found to be the most effective decontamination system, whereas the M291 SDK was the least effective.
Human decontamination
Lotion
Bleach
Sodium hypochlorite
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Skin Decontamination with Mineral Cationic Carrier Against Sarin Determined In Vivo Our Institute's nuclear, biological, and chemical defense research team continuously investigates and develops preparations for skin decontamination against nerve agents. In this in vivo study, we evaluated skin decontamination efficacy against sarin by a synthetic preparation called Mineral Cationic Carrier (MCC®) with known ion exchange, absorption efficacy and bioactive potential. Mice were treated with increasing doses of sarin applied on their skin, and MCC® was administered immediately after contamination. The results showed that decontamination with MCC® could achieve therapeutic efficacy corresponding to 3 x LD 50 of percutaneous sarin and call for further research.
Human decontamination
Cationic polymerization
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Following percutaneous exposure to the nerve agent VX, the remaining intact agent within the skin after decontamination is of great concern. Consequently, this leads to prolonged agent release to the blood circulation resulting in sustained intoxication, which may complicate the medical management. The decontamination procedure used should therefore possess the ability for agent removal both on and within the skin. The efficacy of three decontamination procedures was evaluated by measuring VX and the primary degradation product ethyl methyl phosphonic acid (EMPA) penetrated through human skin and the amount remaining within the skin.Decontamination was initiated 5 min post-exposure to VX on human dermatomed skin. Experiments were conducted using an in vitro skin penetration model and the amount remaining within the skin was determined by combining the tape-stripping technique and acetylcholinesterase activity measurements.In control experiments without decontamination, higher amounts of VX were recovered in the deeper layers of skin compared to EMPA, which was primarily located in the stratum corneum. Both Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) and the RSDL training kit (TRSDL) significantly reduced the amount of VX within the skin and decreased the penetration through the skin. However, the degradation ability of RSDL was demonstrated to be beneficial by the reduction of intact agents remaining in the skin compared to TRSDL without agent degradation capability. Soapy water decontamination caused a "wash-in" effect of VX with decreased agent amounts within stratum corneum but increased the amount VX penetrated through the skin.Efficient skin decontamination of VX requires skin decontaminants reaching deeper layers of the skin, and that both absorption and degradation properties are important. In addition, the "wash-in" effect by using soapy water may enhance VX release to the blood circulation.
Human decontamination
Lotion
Human skin
Penetration (warfare)
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Human decontamination
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The contamination of platinum with nuclear fission products and its decontamination has been studied. Platinum plates were contaminated by soaking in a solution of fission products. The contamination increased with increase of the soaking time, and was saturated in about 3 hr. It was confirmed by the methods of autoradiography, electron microscopy and optical microscopy that the contamination was markedly affected by the surface condition of platinum. The results of the experiments of the decontamination are summarized as follows: (1) Decontamination with tap water: A sample soaked in the solution of fission products only for a short time was easy to decontaminate and the amount of the residual contamination reached equilibrium more rapidly than in the long-soaked sample. (2) Decontamination with acids: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4 and HF were tried. The effect of temperature on the decontamination was very significant. The decontamination with HCl of high temperature was more effective than with the other acids. (3) Decontamination with fused salts: The decontamination with fused KHSO4 was more effective than with the acids and other fused salts. Only one immersion of the contaminated platinum plate into fused KHSO4 could remove 99.4% of the contamination. Finally, it may be confirmed that the degree of the contamination of platinum with fission products is very low and it is easy to decontaminate it with the decontaminating agents such as HCl and KHSO4.
Human decontamination
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