Red cell membrane dynamic properties and erythrocyte metabolic parameters in essential hypertension: preliminary report.
Gregorio CaimiA ContornoÀngels SerraRosalia Lo PrestiG. GrifòS D'AsaroA CataniaAntonio SarnoGiovanni Cerasola
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In a group of 12 subjects with essential hypertension (EH), we evaluated the erythrocyte membrane fluidity and red cell membrane transverse fluidity gradient. We also evaluated the total red cell Ca content, the red cell cytosolic free calcium, the red cell membrane cholesterol/phospholipid ratio and the red cell membrane individual phospholipids. From the data obtained, it is evident that the erythrocyte membrane fluidity and red cell membrane transverse fluidity gradient discriminate normals from hypertensives. None of the red cell metabolic parameters is able, however, to differentiate normals from hypertensive subjects. Our data underline the abnormality of the red cell membrane dynamic properties in hypertension; this abnormality is not, however, related to the red cell metabolic parameters considered.Keywords:
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In a group of diabetics subdivided for type (12 of type 1 and 12 of type 2), we evaluated the total red cell Ca content, red cell cytosolic free calcium, erythrocyte membrane fluidity and erythrocyte membrane protein lateral mobility. From the results obtained, it is evident that the total red cell Ca content does not discriminate normals from type 1 and 2 diabetics, whereas the red cell cytosolic free calcium does differentiate between these diabetic types. Erythrocyte membrane fluidity and erythrocyte protein lateral mobility discriminate normals from type 1 and 2 diabetics. In normals and in diabetics of type 1 and 2, no relationship is evident between total red cell Ca content, membrane fluidity and membrane protein lateral mobility. A slight, but significant negative correlation between red cell cytosolic free calcium values and parameters reflecting the red cell dynamic properties is present in type 2 diabetics only.
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The results presented here indicate that haemoglobin is an integral part of the red cell membrane. The haemoglobin content of the membrane is highly dependent on the Ca++ content of the membrane in health and disease. Changes in the red cell interior alter the whole organization of the membrane and are even reflected in the binding of immunoglobulins to the red cell surface. The preferential binding of Hb-s A2 and S to the membrane has been confirmed. This phenomenon cannot be explained by differences in the charge between these haemoglobins and Hb A.
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OBJECTIVE：To study the effect of cyclosporine A(CsA) on the fluidity of erythrocyte membrane in rabbit.METHODS：The effect of CsA on the cell fluidity in rabbit red blood cell was studied by the fluorescence polarization technique with DPH fluorescence probe.Meanwhile the whole blood concentration of CsA in rabbit was observed by FPIA.RESULTS：The high concentration of CsA in rabbit could lead to t he reduction of membrane fluidity.The membrane fluidity reached normal level whe n the concentration of CsA was reduced,and in this period the membrane fluidity could rebound.CONCLUSIONS：CsA has effect on the fluidity of erythrocyte membr ane,if administrated with CsA long period or high dosage,erythrocyte membrane co ule be damaged and the membrane fluidity could be reduced.This may be one of the reason why CsA bring about the heavy toxicity to the liver and kidney.
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Cholesterol and phospholipid are the two major lipids of the red cell membrane. Cholesterol is insoluble in water but is solubilized by phospholipids both in membranes and in plasma lipoproteins. Morever, cholesterol exchanges between membranes and lipoproteins. An equilibrium partition is established based on the amount of cholesterol relative to phospholipid (C/PL) in these two compartments. Increases in the C/PL of red cell membranes have been studied under three conditions: First, spontaneous increases in vivo have been observed in the spur red cells of patients with severe liver disease; second, similar red cell changes in vivo have been induced by the administration of cholesterol-enriched diets to rodents and dogs; third, increases in membrane cholesterol have been induced in vitro by enriching the C/PL of the lipoprotein environment with cholesterol-phospholipid dispersions (liposomes) having a C/PL of greater than 1.0. In each case, there is a close relationship between the C/PL of the plasma environment and the C/PL of the red cell membrane. In vivo, the C/PL mole ratio of red cell membranes ranges from a normal value of 0.09--1.0 to values which approach but do not reach 2.0. In vitro, this ratio approaches 3.0. Cholesterol enrichment of red cell membranes directly influences membrane lipid fluidity, as assessed by the rotational diffusion of hydrophobic fluorescent probes such as diphenyl hexatriene (DPH). A close correlation exists between increases in red cell membrane C/PL and decreases in membrane fluidity over the range of membrane C/PL from 1.0 to 2.0; however, little further change in fluidity occurs when membrane C/PL is increased to 2.0--3.0. Cholesterol enrichment of red cell membranes is associated with the transformation of cell contour to one which is redundant and folded, and this is associated with a decrease in red cell filterability in vitro. Circulation in vivo in the presence of the spleen further modifies cell shape to a spiny, irregular (spur) form, and the survival of cholesterol-rich red cells is decreased in the presence of the spleen. Although active Na-K transport is not influenced by cholesterol enrichment of human red cells, several carrier-mediated transport pathways are inhibited. We have demonstrated this effect for the cotransport of Na + K and similar results have been obtained by others in studies of organic acid transport and the transport of small neutral molecules such as erythritol and glycerol. Thus, red cell membrane C/PL is sensitive to the C/PL of the plasma environment. Increasing membrane C/PL causes a decrease in membrane fluidity, and these changes are associated with a reduction in membrane permeability, a distortion of cell contour and filterability and a shortening of the survival of red cells in vivo.
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In a group of 12 subjects with essential hypertension (EH), we evaluated the erythrocyte membrane fluidity and red cell membrane transverse fluidity gradient. We also evaluated the total red cell Ca content, the red cell cytosolic free calcium, the red cell membrane cholesterol/phospholipid ratio and the red cell membrane individual phospholipids. From the data obtained, it is evident that the erythrocyte membrane fluidity and red cell membrane transverse fluidity gradient discriminate normals from hypertensives. None of the red cell metabolic parameters is able, however, to differentiate normals from hypertensive subjects. Our data underline the abnormality of the red cell membrane dynamic properties in hypertension; this abnormality is not, however, related to the red cell metabolic parameters considered.
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Several red cell membrane properties and activities of membrane-bound enzymes were investigated in blood samples of patients with Huntington9s disease. (Na++K+) ATPase activity and cell deformability appeared to be normal, in contradiction to preceding reports from other laboratories. With other techniques sensitive to relatively small changes in membrane structure, no abnormalities were found in Huntington9s disease red cell membranes. These investigations do not support the concept that a generalised membrane abnormality is present in Huntington9s disease.
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A method for assessing red cell membrane destabilization (destruction) in disease is suggested. Its characteristic feature is the employment of polarization analysis for the first time in studies of the red cell membrane structural and biophysical characteristics due to the membrane ability to change the incidental light polarization in light interaction with charged membrane fragments.
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