CONTINUOUS SUSPENSION CHO CELL CULTURE
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Ammonium chloride
Suspension culture
Suspension
Suspension culture
Suspension
Callus
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The effect of application of four sources of N (ammonium sulphate, urea, calcium ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride) in three and four splits on the uptake of nutrients by Co 1 tomato was investigated. Among the sources, ammonium sulphate recorded enhanced uptake of N. P and K followed by CAN. urea and ammonium chloride. Three split applications significantly increased the uptake of N. P and K over four split applications.
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium nitrate
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Abstract A recombinant DNA Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line which produces tissue‐type plasminogen activator (t‐PA) was cultivated continuously in suspension with a constant dilution rate of 0.5 day −1 . The cultivation consisted of four phases with four different ammonium chloride concentrations (0,2.5, 5, and 7.5 mM) in the feed medium, causing a reactor ammonium concentration of up to 8 mM. Cell growth was not inhibited by these high ammonium concentrations, as cell densities of around 2.3 × 10 6 cells mL −1 were established. In contrast, the production of t‐PA was reduced under high ammonium concentration. The decrease in specific t‐PA production could be due to either a negative ammonium influence on productivity or a limitation of medium components, e.g., amino acids. Cell metabolism was changed under high ammonium concentrations, seen most clearly by a decrease in specific ammonium production by a factor of 8 and an increase in specific alanine production of 30%.
Ammonium chloride
Suspension culture
Ammonium sulfate
Dilution
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Ammonium is assimilated in algae by the glutamine synthetase (GS)–glutamine:2‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase pathway. In addition to the assimilation of external ammonium taken up across the cell membrane, an alga may have to reassimilate ammonium derived from endogenous sources (i.e. nitrate reduction, photorespiration, and amino acid degradation). Methionine sulfoximine (MSX), an irreversible inhibitor of GS, completely inhibited GS activity in Ulva intestinalis L. after 12 h. However, assimilation of externally derived ammonium was completely inhibited after only 1–2 h in the presence of MSX and was followed by production of endogenous ammonium. However, endogenous ammonium production in U. intestinalis represented only a mean of 4% of total assimilation attributable to GS. The internally controlled rate of ammonium uptake ( V i ) was almost completely inhibited in the presence of MSX, suggesting that V i is a measure of the maximum rate of ammonium assimilation. After complete inhibition of ammonium assimilation in the presence of MSX, the initial or surge ( V s ) rate of ammonium uptake in the presence of 400 μM ammonium chloride decreased by only 17%. However, the amount that the rate of ammonium uptake decreased by was very similar to the uninhibited rate of ammonium assimilation. In addition, the decrease in the rate of ammonium uptake in darkness (in the absence of MSX) in the presence of 400 μM ammonium chloride matched the decrease in the rate of ammonium assimilation. However, in the presence of 10 μM ammonium chloride, MSX completely inhibited ammonium assimilation but had no effect on the rate of uptake.
Ammonium chloride
Assimilation (phonology)
Chlorophyceae
Nitrogen Assimilation
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Organosilyl ammonium borohydride(2_) was synthesized via route of sol-gel process of organosilyl ammonium chloride(1_), The mole ratio of 1/1/4/2/1.O×10＾(-2) of 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane/dimethyldodecylamine/H₂O/THF/HCl(cat) was proved as an optimal condition on the synthesis of organsilyl quarternary ammonium chloride. In borohydration reaction of organosilyl quarternary ammonium chloride, the prduction of organosilyl quarternary ammonium borohydride was identified by B-H stretching vibrations of 2371, 2320, 2274 cm＾(-1) on a vibrational spectroscopy. As a result, the intent of RH_4＾- was found to be 2.0 mmol per one gram of organosilyl quarternary ammonium borohydride.
Ammonium chloride
Borohydride
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Ammonium chloride
Suspension culture
Suspension
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Ammonium chloride
Bicarbonate
Quinine
Ammonium bicarbonate
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Succinic acid
Fumaric acid
Ammonium chloride
Organic acid
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The intracellular pool of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine has been shown to act as a central target during the inhibitory action of ammonium ions in vitro cultivated mammalian cell cultures. This pool has been demonstrated to be elevated at the end of a batch cultivation and very quickly as a response to exogenously applied ammonium chloride by using four different cell lines (hybridoma, BHK, CHO, and Ltk(-)929). The amount of enlarged UDP aminohexoses is correlated to the inhibitor concentration and additionally dependent on the cell line. The formation of the UDP sugars is associated with a transient reduction of the UTP pool. Moreover, the quick formation of UDP-GNAc is strictly dependent on the presence of glucose and ammonium. Both metabolites act as biochemical precursors. Additionally, the formation of UDP-GNAc after ammonium application has been shown to increase with an elevated cultivation pH and to be independent of the inhibition of transcription and translation processes. The intracellular amount of UDP-GNAc correlates with the level of growth inhibition in mammalian cell lines. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ammonium chloride
Intracellular pH
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Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Fardenlosa Shiny) were labelled with carbon-11 via their first trifoliate leaves when 3-weeks-old and the transient inhibitions of translocation caused by the application of ammonium chloride solutions (10 mol m−3) to a peeled region of stem were studied. At pH 6·5 the ammonium was without effect. At pH 11·0 even a brief application inhibited translocation for many minutes, while longer applications inhibited translocation for considerably longer. Solutions of 10 mol m−3 sodium chloride were without effect at either pH. At pH 6·5 ammonium chloride solution contains predominantly ammonium ions (NH4+) and at pH 11·0 predominantly dissolved ammonia gas (NH3). Hence we conclude that phloem transport within bean stems is inhibited by dissolved ammonia gas but not ammonium ions.
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