Weight gain patterns during twin gestation
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Apgar score
Accurate prediction of the prognosis of infants with very low birth weight is beneficial both for their parents and for healthcare professionals.This was a population-based study of all low-birth-weight infants admitted to neonatal units in one region in Japan. The Apgar score at 1 and 5 min and neonatal mortality were retrospectively analyzed to obtain the predictive values of the scores. The results were stratified into two categories by birth weight and three time periods (1980-1986, 1987-1993 and 1994-2000).The predictive values improved in the later years, and therefore only the data obtained in the period 1994-2000 were used. A score of less than 5 at 5 min appears to be a good predictor of neonatal mortality in infants with a birth weight between 1500 g and 2499 g (positive likelihood ratio, 17.59 [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.68-24.40]); however, there is no evidence that the score is a good predictor of neonatal mortality in infants with very low birth weight.In infants with a low birth weight between 1500 g and 2499 g, an Apgar score at 5 min of less than 5 is a good predictor of neonatal mortality. The score is not useful in predicting the short-term prognosis of very low-birth-weight infants.
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Since the available data on growth in twin gestations have been derived from retrospective cross-sectional studies with varying results, a prospective longitudinal study was initiated to assess fetal head growth in twin gestations as compared to singleton pregnancies. In uncomplicated twin gestations, growth of the fetal head, based on the increment in growth over time and the rate of growth throughout pregnancy, was found not to be significantly different than in singleton pregnancies. In light of these findings, current nomograms derived from measurements obtained in singleton pregnancies remain useful for evaluating fetal head growth in twin gestations.
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Fetal head
Twin Pregnancy
Fetal growth
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To develop the birth weight curves of the Chinese Han (26-41 weeks of gestation) and Zhuang (28-41 weeks of gestation) singleton neonates in 11 cities of China, as well as the birth weight means of full-term neonates of 14 Chinese ethnic groups.The live singleton neonates who were born in 11 maternal and child health care hospitals from 11 cities of China between January 2017 and December 2020 were classified according to the mother's ethnic group. Birth weight means were calculated for the full-term neonates of each ethnic group. For the Han and Zhuang singleton neonates with a large sample size, the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method was used to establish the birth weight percentile curves of the Han and Zhuang singleton neonates with different gestational ages.A total of 105 365 live singleton neonates were included, among whom the Han neonates had the highest number of 84 851 (26-41 weeks of gestation), followed by the Zhuang neonates (12 803 neonates with a gestational age of 28-41 weeks). The neonates of the other Chinese ethnic groups enrolled were live full-term singleton neonates, with a sample size of more than 100 neonates for each ethnic group. The 3rd-97th percentile curves of birth weight were established for the Han singleton neonates with a gestational age of 26-41 weeks and the Zhuang singleton neonates with a gestational age of 28-41 weeks. The birth weight curves of the Han singleton neonates at each gestational age were higher than those of the Zhuang singleton neonates. Birth weight means (3 199-3 499 g) and standard deviations were determined for 14 Chinese ethnic groups, i.e., Li, Mulao, Zhuang, Yao, Dong, Miao, Han, Buyi, Mongolian, Tujia, Yi, Hui, Man, and Korean ethnic groups. The Li ethnic group had the lowest birth weight, followed by the Mulao, Zhuang, Yao, Dong, Miao, Han, Buyi, Mongolian, Tujia, Yi, Hui, Man, and Korean ethnic groups.The 3rd-97th percentile curves of birth weight are developed for the Han (26-41 weeks of gestation) and Zhuang (28-41 weeks of gestation) singleton neonates in 11 cities of China, and birth weight means are determined for the full-term neonates of 14 Chinese ethnic groups in 11 cities of China, which provides a reference for evaluating the intrauterine growth of neonates in these ethnic groups.目的: 研制中国11市汉族（胎龄26~41周）和壮族（胎龄28~41周）单胎儿出生体重曲线及14个民族足月单胎儿出生体重均值。方法: 对中国11市11家妇幼保健院2017年1月—2020年12月分娩的活产单胎儿，按母亲民族分类，计算各民族足月儿出生体重均值，并采用Lambda-Mu-Sigma（LMS）方法对其中样本量大的汉族和壮族绘制不同胎龄单胎儿出生体重百分位曲线。结果: 共纳入105 365例单胎活产新生儿，其中汉族纳入数量最多（84 851例，胎龄26~41周），其次为壮族（12 803例，胎龄28~41周）；其他民族纳入的均为足月单胎活产新生儿，各民族样本量均在100例以上。制定了汉族（胎龄26~41周）和壮族（胎龄28~41周）单胎儿出生体重3rd~97th百分位曲线；汉族单胎儿出生体重曲线水平高于壮族。获得了黎族、仫佬族、壮族、瑶族、侗族、苗族、汉族、布依族、蒙古族、土家族、彝族、回族、满族、朝鲜族等14个民族足月单胎儿出生体重均值和标准差（均值为3 199~3 499 g）；出生体重水平从低到高排位依次为：黎族、仫佬族、壮族、瑶族、侗族、苗族、汉族、布依族、蒙古族、土家族、彝族、回族、满族、朝鲜族。结论: 制定了中国11市汉族（胎龄26~41周）和壮族（胎龄28~41周）单胎儿出生体重3rd~97th百分位曲线及中国11市14个民族足月儿出生体重均值，可为这些民族新生儿宫内生长评价提供参考。.
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Aim: To assess the trend of the pregravid body mass index (BMI), pregnancy weight gain, and BMI gain in singleton pregnancies delivered at ≥38 completed weeks during the last decade.Materials and methods: We used data from a population-based dataset for the period of 2006–2015. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between BMI, pregnancy weight gain, and BMI change over time.Results: A total of 70,866 women were included and stratified as primiparous and multiparous. The average BMI in the primiparous women increased 0.52 kg/m2 in the past decade, increasing for 0.05 kg/m2 every year. The average pregnancy weight gain in this group decreased in this period by 0.7 kg, consequently lowering for 0.07 kg per year, the average BMI change during pregnancy decreased overall by 0.26 kg/m2 (0.026 kg/m2/year). However, in multiparous women, the average pregravid BMI did not change over time, but the average pregnancy weight gain decreased by 0.21 kg (0.021 kg/year), and the average BMI change decreased for 0.10 kg/m2.Conclusions: Our study showed that the pregravid BMI is increasing in the pregnant primiparous women, but the BMI gain, as well as the pregnancy weight gain, decreased irrespective of parity. Given that the range of differences is not clinically significant, we conclude that pregravid BMI, pregnancy weight gain, and BMI change during pregnancy did not change in the last decade.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the cerebellar growth in twin and triplet gestations with cerebellar growth in singleton pregnancies.An ultrasound study was conducted in a population of normal pregnant women with singleton, twin and triplet gestations. Routine ultrasound examinations were performed in healthy pregnant women: 951 women with singleton pregnancies; 151 with twin gestations; and 28 with triplet gestations. Although multiple biometric parameters were measured throughout the course of pregnancy, in this study a single measurement (the last measurement before delivery) of the transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) was used from each patient for statistical analysis. Growth of the TCD was determined in the multiple gestations and compared with growth in singleton pregnancies.A statistically significant relationship was found between TCD and gestational age in all three groups (singleton, twin A and B, and triplets) respectively: R2 = 0.963; R2 = 0.980; R2 = 0.977. No statistical difference was found between the three sets of normative measurements.There was no significant difference observed in cerebellar growth among singleton and multiple gestations. Therefore, nomograms previously established for singleton pregnancies may be useful to assess growth in multifetal pregnancies.
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To develop the birth weight curve of singleton neonates with a gestational age of 24-42 weeks, and to investigate the regional differences of the birth weight curve.A total of 11 maternal and child health hospitals with more than 7 000 neonates delivered annually were selected in 11 cities of China (Haikou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Liuzhou, Guilin, Quanzhou, Chongqing, Chengdu, Changsha, Ningbo, and Lianyungang), and all live singleton neonates delivered in the 11 hospitals from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2020 were enrolled for the development of birth weight curves.A total of 93 720 singleton neonates with a gestational age of 24-42 weeks from the 11 cities were included in the study. The reference values of the 3rd-97th percentiles of birth weight of singleton neonates for the total of the 11 cities and for each of the 11 cities were established, and the birth weight percentile curves were drawn. The birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in Shenzhen and Quanzhou was almost the same as the average level of the 11 cities; the birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in Haikou, Guangzhou, Guilin, and Liuzhou was slightly lower than the average level of the 11 cities; the birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in Chongqing, Chengdu, and Changsha was slightly higher than the average level of the 11 cities; the birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in Ningbo and Lianyungang was higher than the average level of the 11 cities. The average birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in the 11 cities were very close to that of China Neonatal Cooperation Network in 2011-2014.The reference values of the 3rd-97th percentiles of birth weight of singleton neonates for the total of the 11 cities and for each of the 11 cities are developed, which can be used as a reference for evaluating the intrauterine growth of singleton neonates in the region. The level of intrauterine growth of neonates in some cities is different from the national level.目的: 研制胎龄24~42周单胎新生儿出生体重曲线，并探讨其地区差异特征。方法: 在中国11市（海口、广州、深圳、柳州、桂林、泉州、重庆、成都、长沙、宁波、连云港）选择年分娩量7 000例以上的11家妇幼保健院，纳入其2017年1月1日至2020年12月31日分娩的全部活产单胎新生儿进行出生体重曲线研制。结果: 纳入了11市合计93 720例胎龄24~42周单胎新生儿进行研究。建立了中国11市合计及各市单胎儿出生体重3rd~97th百分位数参考值，并绘制了出生体重百分位曲线图。深圳市和泉州市单胎儿出生体重曲线水平与中国11市合计单胎儿水平基本相同；海口市、广州市、桂林市、柳州市单胎儿出生体重曲线水平略低于中国11市合计单胎儿水平；重庆市、成都市、长沙市单胎儿出生体重曲线水平略高于中国11市合计单胎儿水平；宁波市和连云港市单胎儿出生体重曲线高于中国11市合计单胎儿水平。中国11市合计单胎儿出生体重曲线与中国协作网2011~2014年单胎儿出生体重曲线非常接近。结论: 制定了中国11市合计及各市单胎新生儿出生体重3rd~97th百分位数参考值，可作为该区域新生儿宫内生长评价的参考标准。部分地区新生儿宫内生长水平与全国水平有差异。.
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Background: Transcerebellar diameter (TCD) is a novel unique measure that is well established in the ultrasound literature as a dependable criterion for estimating gestation length, and it is steadily predominant in predicting GA in singleton and twin gestation, as well as at the fetal growth extremes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the value of use of TCD as a reliable predictor in singleton gestations of GA in SGA pregnancies. Methods: This cross-sectional research enrolled 40 pregnant w
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This paper outlines levels and trends in birth weights of singleton birth weights of singleton births in Canada between 1971 and 1989. It relates these birth weights to maternal age, marital status, and parity and to gestational age. From 1971 to 1989, the median birth weight of all singletons increased by 104g, or 3.1%. The proportion of low birth weight babies declined, probably contributing to improved infant mortality rates.
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The object of this retrospective study was to evaluate the mode of delivery and perinatal outcome of singleton fetuses with breech presentation weighing >/= 1500 g. Consecutive cases of all singleton pregnancies at the Princess Badeea Teaching Hospital in North Jordan in the years 1994 and 1995 were compared for crude and corrected perinatal mortality and effect of mode of delivery by weight after correction for non-preventable causes. There were no differences in the 1 and 5 minutes Apgar scores and corrected perinatal mortality between those delivered vaginally and abdominally. It is concluded that poor perinatal outcome are primarily related to factors other than breech presentation. The mode of delivery for infants weighing >/= 1500 g does not influence neonatal outcome and therefore caesarean section for breech presentation in this group is not justified.
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Perinatal mortality
Neonatal death
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