[Research of induced pluripotent stem cells in oral tissue regeneration].
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口腔组织缺损给口腔的功能和美观带来了极大的影响[1].组织工程从细胞生物学和分子生物学角度为组织再生提供了一个新的方法.干细胞是一类具有自我复制能力的细胞,在一定条件下可以分化为多种功能的细胞,具有再生出新的组织器官或生物个体的潜在能力.目前用于口腔组织再生的干细胞主要有牙周膜干细胞( periodontal ligamentstem cells,PDLSC)、骨髓基质干细胞(bone marrow stromalstem cells,BMSSC)、牙囊干细胞(dental follicle stem cells,DFSC)、牙乳头干细胞(stem cell from apical papilla,SCAP)、脂肪干细胞( adipose-derived stem cells,ASC)等[2-6].诱导多能干细胞的出现为组织工程的发展提供了新的方向。Primordium
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Pluripotent stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine. Increased replication and division, such is the case during regeneration, concomitantly increases the risk of adverse outcomes through the acquisition of mutations. Seeking for driving mechanisms of such outcomes, we challenged a pluripotent stem cell system during the tightly controlled regeneration process in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea Exposure to the genotoxic compound methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) revealed that despite a similar DNA-damaging effect along the anteroposterior axis of intact animals, responses differed between anterior and posterior fragments after amputation. Stem cell proliferation and differentiation proceeded successfully in the amputated heads, leading to regeneration of missing tissues. Stem cells in the amputated tails showed decreased proliferation and differentiation capacity. As a result, tails could not regenerate. Interference with the body-axis-associated component β-catenin-1 increased regenerative success in tail fragments by stimulating proliferation at an early time point. Our results suggest that differences in the Wnt signalling gradient along the body axis modulate stem cell responses to MMS.
Planarian
Regenerative Medicine
Planaria
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This work is devoted to the vital topic of regeneration by stem cells. Cells-predecessors and differentiated cells can divide a limited number of times (Alberts et al., 1994) and are not capable of providing tissue regeneration throughout the ontogenesis. The tissue renewal during such a long period is impossible without participation of a specialized system responsible for regeneration. The given system is submitted by stem cells which are capable of being differentiated in all types of somatic cells and in a line of germ cells, and also have ability to self-renew during the whole life of an organism. Results of our research suggest that stem cells make up a universal mechanism of regeneration which has been formed during evolution.
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Planarian
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Metazoan lineages exhibit a wide range of regenerative capabilities that vary among developmental stage and tissue type. The most robust regenerative abilities are apparent in the phyla Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Echinodermata, whose members are capable of whole-body regeneration (WBR). This phenomenon has been well characterized in planarian and hydra models, but the molecular mechanisms of WBR are less established within echinoderms, or any other deuterostome system. Thus, it is not clear to what degree aspects of this regenerative ability are shared among metazoa. We characterize regeneration in the larval stage of the Bat Star (Patiria miniata). Following bisection along the anterior-posterior axis, larvae progress through phases of wound healing and re-proportioning of larval tissues. The overall number of proliferating cells is reduced following bisection, and we find evidence for a re-deployment of genes with known roles in embryonic axial patterning. Following axial respecification, we observe a significant localization of proliferating cells to the wound region. Analyses of transcriptome data highlight the molecular signatures of functions that are common to regeneration, including specific signaling pathways and cell cycle controls. Notably, we find evidence for temporal similarities among orthologous genes involved in regeneration from published Platyhelminth and Cnidarian regeneration datasets. These analyses show that sea star larval regeneration includes phases of wound response, axis respecification, and wound-proximal proliferation. Commonalities of the overall process of regeneration, as well as gene usage between this deuterostome and other species with divergent evolutionary origins reveal a deep similarity of whole-body regeneration among the metazoa.
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Vertebrates regenerate tissues in three ways: proliferation of cells that maintain some or all of their differentiated structure and function, dedifferentiation of mature cells followed by proliferation and re differentiation into the same cell type or trans determination to another cell type, and activation of restricted lineage stem cells, which have the ability to transdetermine to different lineages under the appropriate conditions. The behavior of the cells during regeneration is regulated by growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules. Some non‐regenerating tissues are now known to harbor stem cells which, though they form scar tissue in vivo, are capable of producing new tissue‐specific cells in vitro, suggesting that the injury environment inhibits latent regenerative capacity. Regenerative medicine seeks to restore tissues via transplantation of stem cell derivatives, implantation of bioartificial tissues, or stimulation of regeneration in vivo. These approaches have been partly successful, but several research issues must be addressed before regenerative medicine becomes a clinical reality. Key words: RegenerationCompensatory hyperplasiaDedifferentiationTransdeterminationStem cellsBioartificial tissuesGrowth factors
Regenerative Medicine
Developmental Biology
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As far as mentioned by Morgan1 and Brindley: which are the only two recent accounts, known to me, that attempt to refer in an inclusive way to the recorded observations and experiments on regeneration in insects, all3 the work done on regeneration of the legs in insects with complete metamorphosis has been limited to making mutilations of the larval legs and noting what, if any, effect was apparent in the legs of the imago.There are several accounts of such observations, and some of these accounts are, curiously enough, of comparatively recent date.I say
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Stem cells are traditionally classified as being either embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or somatic stem cells. Such a designation has now become blurred by the advent of ostensibly pluripotent cells derived from somatic cells, referred to as induced pluripotent stem cells. Mitochondria are the membrane bound organelles that provide the majority of a cell's chemical energy via their production of adenosine triphosphate. Mitochondria are also known to be vital components in many cell processes including differentiation and apoptosis. We are still remarkably uninformed of how mitochondrial function affects stem cell behavior. Reviewed evidence suggests that mitochondrial function and integrity affect stem cell viability, proliferative and differential potential, and lifespan. Mitochondrial status therefore has profound and as yet unexamined implications for the current drive to develop induced pluripotent stem cells as a therapeutic resource.
Induced stem cells
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Cells undergoing stress- or injury-induced apoptosis can stimulate tissue regeneration by promoting stem or progenitor cell proliferation.
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