Screening and productivity of penicillin antibiotic from Penicillium sp.
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This paper highlights the antagonism effect of Penicillium isolates, which were screened against the test organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Penicillium sp. Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum isolates were used for penicillin biosynthesis. The antibacterial activities of fermented crude penicillin extract were assayed by disc diffusion method. Maximum antibacterial activity was observed in Gram positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus) when compared with Gram negative organisms. The isolated Penicillium chrysogenum can be used for large-scale penicillin antibiotic production.Keywords:
Penicillium chrysogenum
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brought to human and animal health. Penicillium sp. have been known as their potential of producing antimicrobial compounds. Recently, this species were discovered to produce more than one type of antimicrobial compounds. This discovery has been promising to encounter the ongoing emergence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. In this study, a total of five pure fungal isolates were cultivated from marine environment. Out of five, two of them were putatively identified as P. oxalicum and Ampelomyces sp. From the preliminary test of fungi isolates, a'imost all the isolates were shown to have strong antibacterial activity against test bacteria, which were S. aureus, a Gram-positive bacteria as well as S. typhi, E. coli and E. aerogenes, Gramnegative bacteria. Contrary to this, only dichloromethane extracts of isolates SVM3 and SVP4 (PDA) were active against S. aureus observed in disc diffusion assay. The results were also inconsistent with the bioautography assay of the extracts, which showed only dichloromethane extracts of SVP4 (CDA) and SVM3 were active against S. aureus and E. aerogenes, respectively. The active compound in bioautography assay might be penicillin, as compared to penicillin-streptomycin as reference.
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The emcrgence and widespread of multidrug rcsistant (MDR) bacteria has led to high demands for ,the development of new and effective antibiotics. Hence, a study was devised to scrcen for antibacterial activity in selectcd marine fungi. Three selected fungi, which were P 1.2.1, PS.l.l and PI 0.2.1, were revivcd and subcultured before being identified and characterized using microscopic examination of slide culture. Fungal isolate P 1.2.2 was identified to be the Drepanoconis sp. while isolates PS.l.l and PI 0.2.1 were identified to be the Penicillium sp. The fungal isolatcs were subjected to preliminary screcning against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Enterobacter aerogenes, and Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli. Isolate P 1.2.1 showed the most potential of producing antibacterial substances with the inhibition zones formed against all the test bacteria. The largest zones of inhibition were observed when isolate P 1.2.1 was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes. Subsequently, antibiotic extractions from isolate P1.2.1 was carried out using several solvents, which were hexane, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Further screening using agar disc diffusion technique, dichloromethane extract of isolate P 1.2.1 showed antibacterial activity against Enterobacter aerogenes, with the MIC value of 1mg/ml. The result showed that marine microorganisms are capable of producing antibiotic substances. Further study is required to scale up the extraction process, and to concentrate the antibiotics extracted.
Enterobacter aerogenes
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Streptomyces spp. (Lob18.2b), isolated from soil sample from Everest Base Camp, was obtained from Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB). The isolate was found to inhibit Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus on primary screening. Secondary screening was done using fermented starch casein broth of the streptomycete to its stationary phase culture. The antibacterial agent was highly effective against all susceptible Gram negative bacteria except Proteus spp. Gram positive bacteria were relatively lesser sensitive. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to the agent. Antibacterial activity of aqueous fraction obtained from fermented broth of streptomycete culture was more effective than that of organic fraction of same extract. Thin layer chromatography revealed that the test compound was relatively nonpolar compared to the known antibiotics. Among the tested standard antibiotics, the chemical characteristic of the antibacterial agent was comparable to streptomycin. Key words: aminoglycoside; antibacterial agent; fermentation; secondary screening; thin layer chromatography DOI: 10.3126/njst.v9i0.3168 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 9 (2008) 73-77
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Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
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Colletotrichum
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Abstract—The aim of the present study was to identify ascomycetous fungi (Neosartorya spp.) and examined the antibacterial activities of crude mycelium extracted by ethyl acetate from these fungal genera. Among 10 ascomycetous fungal isolates, Neosartorya sp., were screened from soil and showed a broader antimicrobial spectrum than the other. Especially, fungal strain KKU-1NK1 showed strongly antibacterial activities. This fungal strain was belonging to Neosartorya spinosa which was identified using 5.8S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The results revealed that the growth of clinical isolates of gram-positive pathogenic bacteria (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus DMST 20654, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus saprophyticus ATCC 15305, Streptococcus pneumonia DMST 15319 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633) was well inhibited by crude mycelial extracted from N. spinosa KKU1NK1 at concentrations values of 10 mg/ml. Moreover, the effects of submerge culture media variation on mycelia growth which affected to total production of bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity by N. spinosa KKU1NK1 was observed. Index Terms—ascomycetes, crude mycerial, antimicrobial compounds
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Penicillium chrysogenum PCL501 produced β-lactam antibiotics when fermented with different agro-wastes: cassava
shavings, corncob, sawdust and sugarcane pulp. In vitro antibacterial activity of the culture extracts was tested against four
clinical bacterial isolates, namely, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All
the culture extracts and standard drug (commercial Benzyl Penicillin) inhibited the growth B. subtilis and E. coli; the potency
varied with carbon source. Antibacterial activity of extracts from cultures containing cassava shavings and sugarcane pulp
was comparable with that of the standard drug. The MIC against the susceptible organisms was 0.20mg/ml for the standard
drug and ranged from 0.40 to 1.50mg/ml for the culture extracts. Neither the culture extracts nor the standard drug
inhibited K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa; the bacterial strains produced β-lactamase enzymes. Cassava shavings and
sugarcane pulp are indicated as suitable cheap carbon sources for the production of antibiotics by Penicillium chrysogenum
PCL501.
Penicillium chrysogenum
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The main objective of the present study was isolation, purification, and characterization of actinomycetes from soil samples, having antimicrobial activity against 12 selected pathogenic strains. Soils samples were taken from different niche habitats of Sheopur district, Madhya Pradesh, India. These samples were serially diluted and plated on actinomycete isolation agar media. Potential colonies were screened, purified, and stored in glycerol stock. Isolates were morphologically and biochemically characterized. These isolates were subjected to extraction for production of the antibacterial compound. Antibacterial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the purified extract of isolates were evaluated. Totally 31 actinomycete isolates were tested for antagonistic activity against 12 pathogenic microorganisms. Isolates AS14, AS27, and AS28 were highly active, while AS1 showed less activity against the pathogenic microorganisms. Isolate AS7 exhibited the highest antagonistic activity against Bacillus cereus (24 mm) and AS16 showed the highest activity against Enterococcus faecalis (21 mm). MIC was also determined for actinomycete isolates against all the tested microorganisms. MIC of actinomycete isolates was found to be 2.5 mg/ml against Shigella dysenteriae, Vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and was 1.25 mg/ml for Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. All actinomycetes isolates showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, while they showed less activity against S. dysenteriae. These isolates had antibacterial activity and could be used in the development of new antibiotics for pharmaceutical or agricultural purposes.
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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The emergence of new diseases due to recurrent food poisoning nowadays in the face of excessive use of conventional antibiotics leads to the search for new bioactive molecules. Thus, the objective of this work was to investigate the antibacterial activity of fungal metabolites on contaminants responsible for food poisoning. To do this, Eight (08) fungal strains belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Nigrospora were used and antibacterial tests were performed on 4 bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Shigella sp, Escherichia coli sp and Salmonella sp) using the agar cylinder method (antibiotic). The results showed that seven (07) fungal isolates have high antibacterial activity with inhibition diameters ranging from 18 to 29 mm on Staphylococcus Aureus ATCC 25923; Shigella sp; Salmonella sp and Escherichia coli. Synergistic tests have shown that the combination of 4 to 5 fungal strains could increase bacterial inhibition of Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Shigella and Escherichia coli which appear resistant to the action of a single fungal strain.
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