Study on utilization and budget of N and P in coastal intensive ponds stocked with allogynogenetic silver crucian carp fed by pellets
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Nitrogen and phosphorus utilization,and their budget in coastal intensive ponds stocked with allogynogenetic silver crucian carp fed by pellets were studied,and the effects of two different crude protein pellets on growth and feed utilization by the rearing target were investigated.The results showed that growth performance,feed conversion rate(FCR) and phosphorus utilization rate(PUR) in fish fed by high protein content pellets(33%) were higher than that by low protein content pellets(30%),but nitrogen utilization rate(NUR) in fish fed by high protein pellets was lower than that by low protein content pellets.The ratios of nutrients utilized by crucian carp production ranked as follows:nitrogen(N:33.1%~33.3%) and phosphorus(P:25.6%~26.9%) in coastal intensive ponds,respectively.In closed pond systems,low utilization rate of N and P in intensive culture pond was the direct cause of nutrient accumulation in the such systems.And most of the elements of N and P were stranded or deposited in the pond system.The present study indicated that feeding appropriate N/P pellets and rearing filter-feeding fish were one of effective measures to increase N and P output via fish harvest and and so to alleviate environmental water pollution.Keywords:
Crucian carp
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Abstract The effect of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val.) feeding activity on the plankton communities in a high-rate pond technology system (HRPTS) effluent was investigated over a period of 100 days. The experiment was conducted at the experimental wastewater treatment plant of the Agronomic and Veterinary Medicine Institute (AVI) of Rabat, Morocco, using a HRPTS in a fish pond receiving the plant effluent. The effluent was highly dominated by phytoplankton (99.95%). Silver carp could survive and grow in the fish pond. Production was 37 kg with a very low mortality rate (12%). The high specific intestine weight (7%) and intake rates of biomass and phytoplankton by silver carp (616 g kg-1 of fish day-1 and 1.6 x 1011 cell kg-1 of fish day-1, respectively) demonstrated the importance of the feeding activity of the fish. Zooplankton intake rates were lower (2 x 107 bodies kg-1 of fish day-1). The high intestine index (3 to 4.3 for fish sizes of 14 to 22 cm) and the dominance of phytoplankton in the gut contents (99.95%) confirmed an omnivorous/ phytoplanctivorous diet. Silver carp were efficient in removing plankton from the HRPTS effluent. The net removal yields of biomass were 285 g m-3 day-1 and 322 g kg-1 of fish day-1, 7 x 1010 algal cells kg-1 of fish day-1 and 8.7 x 107 zooplankton bodies kg-1 of fish day-1, with net removal rates of 47, 64 and 62%, respectively. The total suspended solids concentration decreased from 211 in the inflow to 112 mg L-1 in the fish pond.
Hypophthalmichthys
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ABSTRACT Silver carp is one of the most important fish used in polyculturing the earthen fish ponds in semi-intensive fish farms. Silver carp depends mainly on natural foods, and there is no available data focusing the ability of silver carp to consume the artificial diet. Therefore, a 15-week feeding trial was conducted in eight earthen ponds (0.1 ha each) to investigate the effect of prepared diet on the growth of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val. In each pond, 2,000 fish of silver carp (2.1±0.3 g) were stocked. Four treatments were used in the present study, and two ponds were assigned to each treatment. Fish were cultured in ponds that only received fertilizers (T1), received fertilizers and prepared diet at a rate of 0.5% of fish biomass (T2), received prepared diet at a rate of 1% of fish biomass without fertilization (T3), and received prepared diet at a rate of 3% of fish biomass without fertilization (T4). Fish were fed a diet (25% crude protein) at the specific feeding rate twice dai...
Hypophthalmichthys
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With land based experimental enclosures set in one saline alkaline chloride water pond, the productive performances of four kinds of fed polyculture systems with different fish combinations were comparatively studied from April to September, 1998. The results indicated that: the daily growth rates and harvest size of feed feeding fishes in the four fed polyculture systems all decreased with their stocking density, whereas those of filter feeding fishes (silver carp and bighead carp) increased. Daily growth rates of feed feeding fish was the highest in FP system(freshwater pomphret) and slowest in GC system (grass carp). During the whole experiment period, the net yields of feed feeding fishes in different fed polyculture system were generally in the order of common carp system (CC)tilapia system (TH)freshwater pomphret (FP)grass carp system (GC), and those of silver carp were CCGCTHFP, those of bighead carp CCGCFPTH.The total net yields were 4.02-6.55, 3.05-5.26, 3.45-5.86 and 2.99-5.34 g/(m 2·d) for CC system, GC system, TH system and FP system, respectively. The carrying capacity for fishes was 0.604,0.492,0.437 and 0.430 kg/m 2 for FP, CC, TH and GC system, respectively.
Polyculture
Bighead carp
Grass carp
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Bighead carp
Commercial fish feed
Common carp
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This study analyses the combined effects of organic and inorganic fertilization and of feeding with pellets on fish performance and water quality in a polyculture of common carp. Cyprinus Carpio L., silver carp. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), grass carp. Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) and hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. x O. aureus Stetndachner. Experiments included six treatments, which are combinations of inorganic fertilisation (daily or fortnightly), manuring (supplied or not), feed pellets (supplied or not) and density of phytoplanktivorous fish species (high-density treatments with 50% more hybrid tilapia and 300% more silver carp than low-density treatments). The effects of the management procedures on fish weight, growth, survival and yield. plankton abundance, water quality, and their complex interactions at the different levels of the natural food web were analysed. The hypothesis that daily fertilization should increase algal production, which in turn should sustain a higher density of phytoplanktivorous fish, proved to be correct within certain limits. Algal reproduction rate was higher under daily fertilization, pointing to better supply of food for herbivorous fish, while algal biomass was similar under both fertilization regimes, pointing to the utilization of that algal food supply. The increased algal food supply sustained a 50% density increase of the omnivorous tilapia, but not the 300% density increase of the grazer silver carp.
Polyculture
Hypophthalmichthys
Grass carp
Common carp
Commercial fish feed
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The objective of this study is to test the effect of silver carp on water quality and tilapia yield.This work was conducted in six 1000 m 2 earthen ponds which randomly assigned to two treatments.The first treatment was the cultivation of Nile tilapia with silver carp and the second was the cultivation of Nile tilapia alone without silver carp.All ponds were fertilized for the first three months with cow manure, urea and superphosphate to maintain a level of 2 mg N/L and 0.5 mg P/L in pond waters.Water samples were collected weekly and analyzed for temperature, DO, pH, Chl."a", avail.P, NO 3 , NH 4 , NH 3 , T. Alk., and T. Hard.Two-way ANOVA results indicated that the effect of the experimental period was the most important source of variation for the water quality parameters and it was responsible for 47 -100 % of the variability for most of water quality parameters.The results also revealed that the presence of silver carp led to about 57% reduction of the chlorophyll concentration in the water column.Silver carp also was significantly responsible for 38 % of the variability of the total alkalinity concentrations and for 5-26 % of the total variability for pH, available phosphorus, ammonium, ammonia and total hardness however it was not significant.The results of factor analysis indicated that combined two factors (photosynthesis vs. respiration and pond fertilization) accounted for 40% of the total variability explained by the ANOVA model.The presence of silver carp reduced tilapia production by about 10%, but it increased the total fish production which in turn resulted in 25% higher net profit (1009 LE/ha) than that in the case of absence of silver carp, which appeared also in the B/C ratio of about 28% greater with the presence of silver carp than its absence.The stocking density of silver carp used in this study was not enough to obtain all benefits of cultivating silver carp with other fish species, therefore further trials are needed with different stocking densities.
Nile tilapia
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Semi-intensive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) farm technology uses several feed types affecting the growth performance; however, we know less about their long-term effects on water quality. Herein, we evaluated the effects of three commonly used feeds—moderate levels of fish meal and fish oil feed (FF), plant meal and plant oil feed (PF), and cereal feed (CF) on the nutrient (total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and organic matter (OM)) content of the pond water. The experiment was carried out over three consecutive years from juveniles to market-sized fish. The type of feed affected the net yields, but generally, it did not affect the water quality. The year of sampling, however, was a significant factor affecting TN, TP, and OM, whose concentrations decreased during the three years. Our findings highlight that the age of the stocked fish on water quality has a more pronounced effect than the nutrient profile of the supplementary feed. Additionally, the plant-based feed could provide comparable net yields as the fish meal-based feed without additional nutrient loading in the water column, reinforcing the sustainability of alternative feeds in semi-intensive carp farming.
Common carp
Commercial fish feed
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Polyculture
Common carp
Grass carp
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The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of artificial feed and adding organic manures to the earthen ponds on the growth and body composition of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT). A total of 160 fish were stocked in each of the two ponds for 90 days. Fish in both ponds were fed with supplementary feed containing 30% crude protein at 4% body weight. Pond 1 was fertilized using cow dung and poultry manure while pond 2, received no fertilizer. Fish were sampled every month for weight and length measurements. Fish were also sampled for biochemical analysis. T-test was used to compare the means between treatments. Fish from pond 1 gained significantly higher (p<0.05) weight compared to fish in pond 2. The specific growth rate and food conversion ratio also showed significantly higher (p<0.05) values for fish in pond 1 (1.52 and 2.4) compared to fish in pond 2 (1.22 and 2.1). Crude protein and lipid composition of fish were found significantly higher (p<0.05) in pond 1 compared to pond 2. It can be concluded that GIFT strain grow much better with the combination of organic manure (cow dung and poultry manure) and artificial feed as compared to artificial feed alone in semi-intensive system.
Fish pond
Commercial fish feed
Chicken manure
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