Intensive polyculture of fish in freshwater ponds. I. Substitution of expensive feeds by liquid cow manure
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Growth data for grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella , in managed small impoundments were examined for density related effects. Ponds ranged in area from 0.02 to 5.0 ha; various species stocking combinations were used. Growth during the first year of life was strongly affected by density. Total standing stock increased and average size decreased with increasing density. This growth–density relationship was more variable among fish in the second year of life, primarily because of differences in availability of preferred food in different ponds. Survival tended to vary during the first year of life depending on the size at stocking but was uniformly high in the second year.
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Grass carp
Hypophthalmichthys
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The preliminary study on structural optimization of tri-species polyculture systems,which included grass carp,silver carp and Litopenaeus vannamei,was conducted by enclosure-experimental method.Since May 2009,the variation in water quality and sediments was measured by sampling monthly.Besides,survival ratio and yield of cultured species,feed conversion efficiency,utilization ratio of N and P and output-input ratio in different polyculture systems weren't carried out until October.The results indicated that not only harvest individual weight(1 100 g/ind) was qualified,but also yield of grass carps(8 400 kg/ha) was satisfying,as the density of grass carps stocked was 0.77 ind/m2.Meanwhile,feed conversion efficiency(52%) and utilization ratio of N and P in the system(N30%,P14%) were higher than others.When the density of silver carps stocked was 0.23 or 0.45 ind/m2,water quality could be improved.In addition,higher density(48.9 ind/m2) of the shrimps stocked led to lower sediment pollution level and higher suvival ratio of Litopenaeus vanname.Under the circumstance of this experiment,the optimal polyculture modes included grass carp 0.77 ind/m2,silver carp 0.45 ind/m2 in twi-species polyculture,and grass carp 0.77 ind/m2,silver carp 0.23 ind/m2,Litopenaeus vannamei 16.3 ind/m2 in tri-species polyculture.
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The present experiment was conducted in rectangular cemented tanks (5 x 4 x 1m) each for five months to evaluate growth performance of amur common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) with major carp in polyculture system. The experiment included three treatments in triplicates viz. T1: mrigal, catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and silver barb (Puntius gonionotus) at 6:3:6:2:3; T2: amur common carp, catla, rohu, silver carp and silver barb at 6:3:6:2:3; and T3: mrigal, amur common carp, catla, rohu, silver carp and silver barb at 3:3:3:6:2:3. Results showed that mean weight gain and specific growth rate of mrigal and amur common carp were higher in T3 compared to T1 and T2 and that of silver carp was significantly (P
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A three months experiment was conducted to study the species interactions of two carp species in polyculture system under supplemental feeding. Four species of fishes such as silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), mrigal (Cirrhina cirrhosus), catla (Catla catla) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were cultured in four different combinations each containing two species. The combination of silver carp and mrigal in treatment 1, and silver carp and common carp in treatment 2 resulted better growth and production than other two treatments of different combinations of catla and common carp, and catla and mrigal.
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Hypophthalmichthys
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Forage fish
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Experiments were conducted in eight ponds of 0.08 ha each for a period of 6 months to evaluate the production performance combinations of Indian major carps and exotic carps at varied stocking densities and species. The four different treatments evaluated were stocking densities of 5000 and 10 000 fingerlings/ha with three Indian major carps (catla, rohu, mrigal) and combination of three Indian major carps with three exotic carp species (silver carp, grass carp and common carp) in replicate ponds. The mean net production levels recorded in different treatments were 1791 kg/ha, 2385 kg/ha, 2532 kg/ha and 3472 kg/ha in 6 months in treatments with three species combinations at 5000/ha, six species at 5000/ha, three species at 10 000/ha and six species at 10 000/ha, respectively. Correspondingly, the mean growth, survival and feed conversion ratios recorded in four treatments were 432 g, 84.7% and 1.49; 567 g, 86.2% and 1.47; 318 g, 82.1% and 1.69; and 444 g, 80.4% and 1.67, respectively.
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ВІКОВА ТА СЕЗОННА ДИНАМІКА СИМБІОЦЕНОЗІВ БІЛОГО АМУРА ТА БІЛОГО ТОВСТОЛОБИКА В УМОВАХ СТАВОВОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА Н
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