Extraction and protein removal of polysaccharides from hops
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Keywords:
Trichloroacetic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Bromelain
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The polysaccharides in Kombucha were extracted by ethanol precipitation,and 6.1 g crude polysaccharides per litre fermentation broth were obtained when the ethanol final concentration was 90%(V/V).The determining conditions of phenol-sulfuric acid method were optimized,and the optimal conditions were as follow: the amount of phenol and sulfuric acid was 1mL and 4mL respectively,temperature and time for color development was 60℃ and 15 min respectively,and detecting wavelength was 484 nm.The results showed that the optimized method was stable and had good reproducibility.The average recovery rate of sample was 85.70%,and RSD=1.65%(n=5).
Ethanol precipitation
Recovery rate
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The extracting conditions for cottonseed protein with alkali method and salt method were investigated by single factor and orthogonal experiment.The optimum conditions for alkali extraction were as follows: pH 10,temperature 40℃,ratio of water to stuff 10 ∶1,extraction time 60 min,and the extraction rate of protein was 75.5% under the optimum conditions.The optimum conditions for salt extraction were as follows: sodium chloride mass concentration 100 g/L,temperature 40℃,ratio of water to stuff 15 ∶1,time 80 min,and the extraction rate of protein was 72.0% under the optimum conditions.The extraction rates of protein with the two methods were similar.Compared with alkali extraction,the protein product extracted by the salt extraction had higher purity,lighter color and lower free gossypol content.
Cottonseed
Gossypol
Protein purification
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Hexane
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
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【Objective】This study aimed at investigating an effective extraction method of main organic acids(citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid) from fruits.【Method】Using citrus, grapes and other fruits as test materials, the aqueous ethanol solution as the extraction agent, and using ultrasonic extraction method, the effect of extraction on the extraction agent(ethanol concentration, ratio of water extraction and organic acid stability, different concentrations of ethanol extraction, effect of 10% ethanol soluble extractant and the main organic acid stability and so on), extraction conditions(extraction method, ultrasonic extraction time and so on) were studied for optimization. Technical parameters for optimized extraction conditions(the detection limit, precision, repeatability, accuracy) were tested. The measuring results by using this method were compared with analytical results with the existing national standard method.【Result】The suitable method for organic acid extraction in fruits is the ethanol ultrasonic extraction method: Samples were extracted for 30 min with 10% ethanol solution in ultrasonic extractor. Then sulfuric acid solution was added, the concentration of sulfuric acid contained in solution was the same as in flow consistent solution. Finally constant volume was made with ethanol solution, then mixed and filtered. The filtrate was filtered by 0.22 μm aqueous membrane needle filter for ion chromatography analysis. All the main organic acids could be extracted completely. The main organic acids didn't change to lactic acid and acetic acid at least in 15 days when the extract was placed under natural conditions. The optimized extraction method is high precision(RSD 0.28%-1.20%), repeatability(variation coefficient of 0.236%-3.02%(n=5)) and high accuracy(recovery 88.9%-101.2%). The method of organic acids in the determination results was significantly higher than the existing national standard results.【Conclusion】The method was rapid, simple, accurate, reproducible, and suitable for the determination of the contents of main organic acid in fruits.
Tartaric acid
Malic acid
Organic acid
Succinic acid
Repeatability
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The main aim of this study was to optimize the conditions for bromelain extraction by reversed micelles from pineapple juice (Ananas comosus). The purification was carried out in batch extraction and a micro-column with pulsed caps for continuous extraction. The cationic micellar solution was made of BDBAC as a surfactant, isooctane as a solvent and hexanol as a co-solvent. For the batch process, a purification factor of 3 times at the best values of surfactant agent, co-solvent and salt concentrations, pH of the back and forward extractions were, 100 mM, 10% v/v, 1 M, 3.5 and 8, respectively. For the continuous operation, independent variables optimal point was determined: ratio between light phase flow rate and total flow rate equal to 0.67 and 1 second for the time interval between the pulses. This optimal point led to a productivity of 1.29 mL/min and a purification factor of 4.96.
Ananas
Hexanol
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The extraction of L-lactic acid from fermentation broth by n-butanol was investigated.The experimental results showed the extraction rate was 75.7% under the optimized conditions of the n-butanol to lactic acid molar ratio at 1∶1,temperature at 25 ℃,and three times of extraction.The extracted mixture could be used directly to produce n-butyl lactate and avoiding redundant separation of L-latic acid.
n-Butanol
Molar ratio
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Hot water extraction
Spirulina (dietary supplement)
Water extraction
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Trichloroacetic acid
Central composite design
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Papaya leaf is not just a byproduct of papaya tree but it contains an essential enzyme which is papain. The aim of the study is to measure the amount of this enzyme extracted from leaf tissue using hot water extraction with ultrasonic-assisted pretreatment as well as to determine the optimum condition for the extraction process. The leaves were subjected to a pretreatment which is grinding and ultrasonication followed by hot water extraction and finally, enzymatic analysis using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The parameters involved in the process were ultrasonication time (30 â 90 minutes) and frequency (18 â 26 kHz), solid-solvent ratio (1:5 â 1:25), and extraction time (1 â 5 hour) and temperature (50 - 70°C). Among these parameters, maximum concentration of papain enzyme was achieved at 60 minutes and 20 kHz of ultrasonication, solid-solvent ratio at 1:5, extraction time at 4 hours and extraction temperature at 60°C. In conclusion, the maximum concentration of papain enzyme achieved at this optimum parameter was 4.020 µM. Utilization of PEGâphosphate system for separation and purification of papain is recommended in order to get the pure papain enzyme.
Sonication
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The extraction technology of the polysaccharide from Carlerpa racemasa was studied with the combination of hot-water and enzyme method.The results indicated as follows: take the solid/liquid ratio 1:10,enzyme concentration 136.5U/g,hydrolysis temperature 60℃,enzymatic hydrolysis time 2.5 h,then adjust the solid/liquid ratio 1:20,extracting under 95 ℃ for 2.5 h.Under this condition,the yield of polysaccharide was 6.7%,which was higher than that of hot water extraction by 131.0%.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
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