Research Progress in Mechanism of Ripening and Softening of Stone Fruit
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In this paper,the research progress in the mechanism of ripening and softening of stone fruits was summarized,including the relationship between the structure of fruit cell and fruit ripening and softening,the activity changes and functions of PG,PE,xyloglucan endotransglycosylase,cellulase,glycosidase and LOX in the course of fruit ripening and softening,and the gene regulatory mechanism of fruit ripening and softening.Keywords:
Xyloglucan
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Postharvest fruits are still alive, fruit ripening and softening is a complicated development course of physiological and biochemical changes, and it is regulated by cell wall degrading enzymes. The functions and activity change rules of cell wall enzymes related to the fruit ripening and softening are reviewed in the article. These will provide the theoretical foundations for the storage and freshness of fruits.
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Cell wall structure is changing continuously in fruit ripening. Polygalctruronase and Cellulase activity are correlated with softening that accompany ripening in fruits. The recent progression in Polygalcturonase isozymes. Polygalctruronase and Cellulase Gene technology in fruit ripening are reviewed.
Gene technology
Texture (cosmology)
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Expansin
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In the peach,fruit ripening and softening is a complex process concerning growth and regulation which is accompanied by a series of changes in physiological and biochemical attributes,including the degradation of cell wall,ethylene evolution and other metabolic change. Research advances on fruit ripening and softening in molecular biology was discussed. The related enzyme of cell wall and ethylene in fruit ripening and softening were reviewed. The results showed that the courses of fruit ripening and softening are influenced by many genes. The discussion on the mechanism of fruit ripening and softening will provide the theoretical foundation for the storage and freshness and processing of fruit.
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It is a complex physiological process about ripening and softening of strawberry. With the increase of fruit maturity, protopectin is gradually transformed into soluble pectin by the activities of protopectinase, and separated from cellulose, which lead to the decrease of binding capacity between cells. The fruit firmness and sugar-acid ratio decrease. However, inclusions, such as soluble solids, sugar, anthocyanins, and Vc increase. The strawberry, as a non-climacteric fruit, respiration rate almost unchange, while the contents of endogenous hormones such as abscisic acid, ethylene are changing. These changes result from the interaction between a variety of cell wall enzymes associated with fruit ripening and softening. We consolidated the results of previous studies, the mechanism of maturation and softening of strawberry fruit and related regulating-genes for further review.
Pectin
Climacteric
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The relationships between the peach fruit firmness and ethylene, Lox, PG and related metabolism were studied during natural and accelerating ripening. The results show that peach fruit softening is a physiology process regulated by many factors. It is possible that Lox is related to the early softening, process and Lox, ethylene and PG are all involved in the late softening process.
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Fruit ripening is a highly coordinated developmental process that coincides with seed maturation. Regulated expression of thousands of genes controls fruit softening as well as accumulation of pigments, sugars, acids, and volatile compounds that increase attraction to animals. A combination of molecular tools and ripening-affected mutants has permitted researchers to establish a framework for the control of ripening. Key to crop improvement is a deeper understanding of the processes underlying fruit ripening. In tomato, mutations blocking the transition to ripe fruits have provided insights into the role of ethylene and its associated molecular networks involved in the control of ripening. However, the role of other plant hormones is still poorly understood. Translation of information from tomato to other eshy-fruited species indicates that regulatory networks are conserved across a wide spectrum of angiosperm fruit morphologies. In this chapter, we describe how plant hormones, transcription factors, and epigenetic changes are intimately related to provide tight control of the ripening process. These discoveries are likely to have a major impact on strategies for crop improvement through genetic manipulation of ripening regulatory genes in fruit-bearing species. The ndings from comparative genomics and system biology approaches are also discussed. Recent developments in the sequencing of angiosperm genomes have provided the foundation for a step change in crop improvement through the understanding and harnessing of genome-wide genetic and epigenetic variation.
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