Effects of different nutrient management systems and cultivation methods on crop yield and soil fertility.
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[Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for improving the middle and low yielding fields fertility and farmland productivity. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different management practices (including nutrient management systems and cultivation methods) on crop yield and soil fertility in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system. [Result] The crop yield in the treatment of the high yield and high efficiency system was remarkably higher than farmer conventional management practice. After five crop seasons experiment, the contents of soil organic matter for high yield and high efficiency system increased 2.72-3.01 g/kg, and that of soil total nitrogen increased 0.12-0.16 g/kg, the soil Olsen-P increased 5.2 mg/kg and the soil available K (NH4OAC-K) increased about 37.8 mg/kg. [Conclusion] Considering the yield and soil fertility comprehensively, the management system of high yield and high efficiency could effectively increase the crop yield and improve the soil fertility.Keywords:
Nutrient Management
Crop Rotation
Soil Management
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On-farm field experiments were conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on yield, yield components, nutrients uptake and use efficiencies, protein content of bread wheat, residual soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability and economic return of fertilizer application. The locations of the experiments were in two nearby farmers' field at Hawzen district, Northern Ethiopia. Factorial combinations of five N levels (0, 46, 69, 92 and 138 kg N/ha) and four levels of P (0, 46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5/ha) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental Field 1 was relatively better in its soil fertility than experimental Field 2 especially in its phosphorus availability and cation exchange capacity (CEC). However, both fields were low in their total soil nitrogen content. Grain yield of wheat significantly increased by 46% and 15% in Field 1 and Field 2, respectively at nitrogen application rate of 46 kg N/ha than the control. Nitrogen fertilization increased straw yield significantly only in experimental Field 1. Phosphorus application at a rate of 46 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain and straw yields by 38 % and 46 %, respectively in Field 2 than control. It is also economical to apply phosphorus at this rate for such farmers’ field because the grain yield marginal rate of return was 179 %. Consistent results were observed on wheat nutrient uptakes and nutrient use efficiencies. Grain and straw yields of wheat were not significantly affected by the main effect of phosphorus application in Field 1. These results are consistent with the soil analysis result before planting where the soil phosphorus was found to be low in Field 1 and very low in Field 2. Previous management by the farmers may have influenced the soil fertility status. There were no interaction effects of nitrogen and phosphorus to affect wheat productivity and nutrient utilization in both fields. Future approach to soil fertility management should consider the past management history and should also be site specific based on soil fertility assessment. As a result, a combined application of 46 kg N/ha and 46 kg P2O5/ha are recommended to achieve sustainable bread wheat production on the sandy soils of Hawzen district. But in fields with higher initial soil phosphorus level, there is no need of applying phosphate fertilizer.
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In a long-term experiment established in early 1990, the effects of crop rotation and mineral fertilizers were studied on the maize (Zea mays L.) yield and soil fertility.The results indicated that maize yield increased significantly with N application, and further higher yield was obtained in NP and NPK treatments.The yield averagely increased by 0.69 t/ha, and the yield-increasing effect of crop rotation was more significant in the treatments without fertilizer N (34.2% increase rate, averagely).However, the yield-increasing effect of rotation was diminished with balanced nutrient supply, especially for N. Furthermore, yield stability was improved by balanced nutrient and crop rotation application.Compared with monoculture, soil fertility increased after soybean planting to some extent, whereas crop rotation cannot completely overcome nutrient deficiency when the corresponding mineral nutrient was absent.Consequently, mineral nutrient management and crop rotation should be integrated for the sustainable development of agriculture.
Crop Rotation
Monoculture
Rotation system
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Long-term fertilization trial has been executed for 18 years, effects of different fertilizers on Albic soil nutrition and Crop yield were studied and reported in this paper. The results indicated that the application of fertilizers could improve the content of organic matter,available-P and available-K in soil. Under the condition of long-term fertilization and rotation, the variety trend of content of organic matter and total-P was TSOMNPCK, and content of total-N and available-K was OMTSNPCK. The change of soil nutrition depended on different crops succession. Under the condition of crop rotation and succession, the variety trend of available-P was OMNPTSCK. The crop yield was increased in a large extent by fertilization and the effect of application of manure was the biggest. Compared to no fertilizer treatment, the crop yield of rotation and succession were increased 118.7%～175.8% and 129.7% respectively. The effects of straw and chemical fertilizer on yield were corresponsive but lower than manure. On the other hand long-term no fertilization could make the crop yield at a lower level. In total, the effect of application of organic manure was better than chemical fertilizer and crop straw.
Crop Rotation
Long-term experiment
Crop Residue
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Cropping system
Crop Residue
Transplanting
Nutrient Management
Plant litter
Litter
Soil carbon
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Long-term trends of crop yields and soil fertility have been used as a means to evaluate the sustainability of intensive agriculture,soil management and fertilizer application.Effect of soil fertility and long-term fertilizer application on the tendency of wheat and maize yield was analyzed based on 24-year data(1987-2010) collected from 32 sites,two treatments(no-fertilizer and normal fertilizer,which means NPK with straw) of long-term experiment of drab fluvo-aquic soil.The results showed that the average contribution rate of soil fertility to wheat and maize yield was 51.4% and 54.0%,respectively.And the coefficient of variation(CV) of the contribution rate was 39.0% in wheat season,and 41.2% in maize season.The yields of wheat and maize in no-fertilizer field decreased slowly at a rate of 4.1 kg/ha and 96.6 kg/ha per year,respectively.In normal fertilizer application field,the yields of wheat and maize increased at a rate of 61.5 kg/ha and 26.8 kg/ha per year,respectivelyy.There was significant positive relationships between the amount of fertilizer and yield increase(yield in fertilized treatment-yield in unfertilized treatment).Path analysis of the relationship between fertilizer,soil fertility and crop yield confirmed that N fertilizer amount had significant direct effect on wheat yield.Phosphate fertilizer also had an important effect on the wheat and maize yield.In conclusion,crop yield in drab fluvo-aquic soil decreased slowly under no fertilizer condition,increased slowly under fertilizer treatment.
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Soil Management
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Three soil fertilities and three nitrogen application rates significantly affect yield and quality indices, i.e, protein, wet gluten sedimentation, and dough stability. The effects of nitrogen applications on yield increase are ordered as low soil fertility medium soil fertility high soil fertility. To gain the highest profit from nitrogen applications without reduction of wheat yield and quality indices, the best N application rate is 9～10kg/666.7 m~2 for high soil fertility (the basic yield is ca. 420kg/666.7 m~2),13～14kg/666.7 m~2 for medium soil fertility (the basic yield is ca. 300kg/666.7 m~2), and 17～18kg /666.7 m~2 for low soil fertility (the basic yield is ca. 180kg/666.7 m~2). In general, nitrogen is wasted and profit reduces significantly when N application rate is greater than 20kg/666.7 m~2.
Soil Quality
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This study evaluated the long-term effect of N. P, K fertilizer on crop productivity and soil fertility in irrigated rice-wheat system. The results revealed that even with application of 120 kg N, 35 kg P and 33.6 kg K/ha, both rice and wheat yields showed a declining trend over years on Eutrochrepts. Only rice yield on Hapludolls and Chromusterts and wheat yield on Udic Haplustalfs, Udic Fluvents-Fluaquents association and Aeric Ochroqualfs showed declining trend over years. Rice and wheat yields showed a linear increasing trend with NPK application on Aeric Ochroqualfs and Hapludolls, respectively. There was a general decline in organic carbon and available NPK and micronutrient status in most soil types due to continuous rice-wheat cropping. N application had beneficial effect on organic carbon status and available N while P application helped significant buildup in available P content. Because of general decline in soil fertility leading to declining yield trends either in rice or wheat or both crops on different soil types. It is suggested that only NPK application will not be able to sustain long-term productivity of irrigated rice-wheat system.
Udic moisture regime
Cropping system
Soil carbon
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The effect of increasing level of nitrogen on grain yield of finger millet, maize and field bean, and available soil nutrient status was studied in the experiment. Two experiments were conducted at AICRPDA and AICRP on Agroforestry, under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. Split plot design was used which consist of three levels of nitrogen viz., high (100% Recommended dose RD), medium (50% RD) and low (no application of nitrogen) as subplot and type of crop grown as finger millet, field bean and maize were grown as main plot under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. Apart from nitrogen, other cultural practices were followed as per the package of practices. Available nutrients of soil were analysed and grain yield were recorded after the harvesting of crop. It was found that increased level of nitrogenous fertilizer enhanced the grain yield in all the crops and impact was more pronounced under irrigated experiment. Available nitrogen and micronutrients were recorded in increasing trend with increase in the nitrogen level. However, the impact was more in maize crop. Available phosphorus and potassium content in soil a decreased in content with increase in level of nitrogen. The interaction effect of crop grown and level of nitrogen was recorded non-significant under available nutrients content in rainfed condition while in irrigated condition interaction was found significant for potassium and micronutrients except copper. Thus, it was concluded that higher nitrogen level increased the crop yield as well as maintained the soil nutrient status in the soil as compared to low level. Cultivation of different crops has differential impact on soil nutrient status and plays an important role in the soil fertility.
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The 312 field tests held in the past years indicated that the soil fertility levels in the arable land in Fujian could be divided into three categories: high,medium and low.Paddy soil fertility contributed 75.32% to the rice yield.The contribution rates in southeastern Fujian were greater than in the northwestern.On average,the soil fertility contributions to yield for sweet potato,potato and peanut were found to be 59.13%,51.88% and 65.72%,respectively.Paddy field's soil fertility contributed more to the rice yield than upland's at a same soil fertility level.However,little difference was found on early,mid-season and late rice varieties.The test results showed that there were significant increases on yield for grains and oil crops when N,P and K fertilizer was applied.Among different rice varieties,N fertilizer on the late rice,P on the mid-season rice and K on the early or mid-season rice had the best yield-increasing results.On the other hand,N on potatoes,P on peanuts and K on sweet potatoes rendered the best yield results.The effect of N,P and K on yield increases was NKP.The fertilization efficiencies on the soils of medium and low soil fertility were higher than that of the high soil fertility.On average,the net return was NKP.With application of NPK,the net income per hectare for the dry-land crops was significantly higher than for the rice.
Hectare
Arable land
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