Effect of soil fertility and long-term fertilizer application on the yields of wheat and maize in fluvo-aquic soil
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Long-term trends of crop yields and soil fertility have been used as a means to evaluate the sustainability of intensive agriculture,soil management and fertilizer application.Effect of soil fertility and long-term fertilizer application on the tendency of wheat and maize yield was analyzed based on 24-year data(1987-2010) collected from 32 sites,two treatments(no-fertilizer and normal fertilizer,which means NPK with straw) of long-term experiment of drab fluvo-aquic soil.The results showed that the average contribution rate of soil fertility to wheat and maize yield was 51.4% and 54.0%,respectively.And the coefficient of variation(CV) of the contribution rate was 39.0% in wheat season,and 41.2% in maize season.The yields of wheat and maize in no-fertilizer field decreased slowly at a rate of 4.1 kg/ha and 96.6 kg/ha per year,respectively.In normal fertilizer application field,the yields of wheat and maize increased at a rate of 61.5 kg/ha and 26.8 kg/ha per year,respectivelyy.There was significant positive relationships between the amount of fertilizer and yield increase(yield in fertilized treatment-yield in unfertilized treatment).Path analysis of the relationship between fertilizer,soil fertility and crop yield confirmed that N fertilizer amount had significant direct effect on wheat yield.Phosphate fertilizer also had an important effect on the wheat and maize yield.In conclusion,crop yield in drab fluvo-aquic soil decreased slowly under no fertilizer condition,increased slowly under fertilizer treatment.Cite
Experiments of long-term K fertilizer application and returning wheat straw to soil in Ningxia irrigation silting soils and Qinghai castanozems in northwestern China were started in 1992.Effect of K fertilizer application and returning wheat straw to soil on crop yield and soil K status in the plough layer under different planting systems was studied.The results showed that K fertilizer and wheat straw could improve crop yield significantly in Ningxia site,with the treatments being in the following order: NPK+StrawNPKNP+StrawNP.The time when the positive effect of K application on yield became significant in Ningxia differed with varieties,however,K application or returning wheat straw to soil did not have any significant effect on wheat yield in Qinghai.Coefficient of variance of wheat yield in each treatment of Ningxia was lower than in Qinghai and was higher than maize,but yield efficiency of K fertilizer application was on the contrary.Except for treatment NPK+Straw,soil K was deficient in each treatment of the two fixed sites,and the consumption of soil K was more serious in the rotation system of Ningxia than in wheat monoculture of Qinghai.K fertilizer and straw could improve content of water-soluble K,non-specifically adsorbed K,non-exchangeable K and total K in contrast to NP,however reduce proportion of mineral K and improve those of others in the two fixed sites,and content and proportion of specifically adsorbed K had no relations with K fertilizer and straw.Compared with the beginning of the experiment,temporal variability characteristics of content and proportion of different forms of K differed between two soil types,which were closely related to K status of original soil and planting system.
Rotation system
Monoculture
Plough
Long-term experiment
Crop Rotation
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Based on 20years long-term experiment of applying fertilizers on continuous wheat.This experiment studied the yield effects and soil fertility evolution of long-term location application of fertilizer on wheat in dry land of loess plateau.The results showed that fertilizer single applying or combine applying had effects on wheat yield,In abundant precipitation years the effects order was NPMNMNPPMMNPCK.The combine fertilizer application could improve yield stably;and there was significantly relation between NP,NM,PM and NPM,these results were all positive;The combine fertilizer application increased the contribution ratio of fertilizer to yield and water use efficiency significantly,which was better than single applying.The combination of N,P and manure was best,which increased WUE by 103.5%,and Its contribution ratio of fertilizer to yield was 64.9%.Available potassium was decreased when combine applying N and P,the combination of N,P and manure could improved soil nutrient content.
Long-term experiment
Loess plateau
Dry land
Potash
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Fertilizer parameter experiment of winter wheat was carried out in six towns of Zhaoyuan city.Results indicated that yield increase effect of phosphate fertilizer was tightly related to Olsen-P content.When Olsen-P content reached 20 mg/kg,phosphorus belonged to high fertility level.Wheat yield increased with the decrease of fast-acting potassium.When the content of fast-acting potassium was less than 80 mg/kg,economic benefit of potassium fertilization was the highest.In high,middle and low yield field,wheat yield of district-wide fertilizer field was the highest.And its N,P and K fertilizer utilization efficiency was higher than that in district-lack fertilizer field.Therefore,N,P and K fertilizer should be applied together in order to improve agricultural utilization efficiency of the fertilizer.
Potash
Phosphate fertilizer
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The effects of the different organic manure with equivalent nitrogen and phosphorus on the yield of winter wheat,water use efficiency(WUE) and soil fertility were investigated from 2005 to 2011 in Loess Plateau East of Gansu.The results showed that the combined fertilizing of NP chemical fertilizer with organic matter was more advantaged for improving soil ferity,the yield of winter wheat and WUE than the fertilizing of NP chemical fertilizer(CK2)and no fertilizing(CK1).The effect of chemical fertilizer combined with biological manure was significantly higher than others.Soil organic matter,total N,total P and total K were increased by15.5%,21.4%,14.1% and 5.9% comparing with that in 2006,respectively,and available P and K were heightened with 14.2 mg·kg-1 and 48.0 mg·kg-1,respectively.The yield of winter wheat(3 536.3 kg·hm-2) was the highest and increased by 53.2% and 86.7% comparing with CK2 and CK1,respectively.WUE(11.7 kg·mm-1·hm-2) was the highest and increased 30.2% and 71.2% comparing with CK2 and CK1 respectively.Therefore,chemical fertilizer combined with biological manure was significantly improving the soil quality under the rain and heat condition in loess plateau dry land east of Gansu,and soil fertility and yield of winter wheat were greatly accordant,which could be taken as the standard for soil fertility and yield level.
Water Use Efficiency
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The experimental results of application of different fertilizers and their combinations in the rice field with triple-cropping system in 1991—2000 indicated that application of pig manure only, chemical fertilizers of NPK, and NPK + pig manure increased the yields by 13.6%,32.7%, and 42.5% compared with the control(CK), respectively. The application of N 315 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) could keep N balance in the rice soil studied. The recovery rates of N fertilizer were 27.3%-37.3%.The recovery rate of P fertilizer was about 25%.Application of K_2O 329.3 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) could not compensated the consume of K from crop absorption, which resulting in decrease in the total K content of the soil,but soil exchangeable K was significantly increased. Continuous application of pig manure improved some soil physical properties such as soil bulk density and soil porosity.
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Aiming to the status which grain yield of wheat wasn′t increase by increasing fertilizer and water quantity,a farmer′s fertilization inquiry coupled with soil and grain yield analysis was conducted to analyze the central factors influencing grain yield of wheat in Huimin county,Shandong province.The results showed that,the farmer applied about 424 kg/ha N,226 kg/ha P2O5 and 88 kg/ha K2O included organic fertilizer to wheat in investigated sites,and the amount of N and P fertilizer applied was more than crop N and P uptake.Significant farmerto-farmer differences in fertilizer rate were found.Under farmer's fertilization and soil fertility condition,grain yield of wheat had close relation with soil organic matter and spike number per acreage,weak relation with soil Olsen-P and seed number per spike and no relation with soil exchanged K and weight per thousand seeds.Added increment of fertilizer didn′t increase grain yield of wheat with the farmer′s fertilization practice because of high N and P fertilizer applied and high soil exchanged K content.
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Long-term experiment
Nutrient Management
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Based on the data of fixed position fertilizer test,the results showed that fertilizer application separately or complication application have effects on the wheat yield, the effecting order is: MNPNPMNNMMPPCK,and there is a clear positive interaction. Fertilizer complication application can increase the water use efficiency and fertilizer utilization, the complication application of organic fertilizer and N,P is the best, which can reduce water consumption coefficient by 51.0%,and increase WUE 165.6% ,increase the utilization of N,P 8.3% and 6.0%,the content of soil organic matter?total N,available N,available P,and available K 1.99 g/kg,0.05 g/kg,21.3 mg/kg,16.8 mg/kg and 34.0 mg/kg respectively.
Loess plateau
Organic fertilizer
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The effect of different application methods of fertilizers on maize yield and soil nutrients was studied by 3-year field experiment.The results showed that N、P、Zn and organic fertilizer(M) all increased the maize yield significantly by 3 387.0～ 5 473.0 kg.hm-2,and the increasing rates were from 48.0%～77.5%;treatments of N240P150M15 000 and N240P75M15 000 had the best effect,and the yields were 12 536.0 kg.hm-2 and 12 438.8 kg.hm-2 respectively.After 150 kg.hm-2 P was applied in the first year,decreasing P application by 50% didn't influence maize yields significantly in the second year and third year,the soil available P still kept high amount.Application of mixed fertilizers increased soil nutrients and improve the soil fertility.
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A long-term field experiment with fixed site was conducted to study the effects of imbalanced fertilization on soil fertility,fertilizer use efficiency and nutrient balance in rice-wheat cropping systems was studied.The results showed that the content of soil organic matter and total nitrogen declined in the treatment without fertilization for 11 years,while it were increased in each treatment with chemical fertilizer application,among which organic matter content for NPK balanced fertilization treatment was the highest.Soil available P content was substantially increased for all treatments with phosphate fertilizer application compared with background value before experiment.Soil slowly available K content was lower than background value before experiment in all treatments whether potash fertilizer was applied or not,among which soil slowly available K was highest with straw returning to the soil.Imbalanced application of N,P and K induced a reduction of crop yield and the efficiency of chemical fertilizer,as well as depletion of soil nutrients.Applying N 150(kg/ha) per cropping season could maintain soil nitrogen fertility;Applying P_2O_5 60—75 kg/ha per cropping season could cause P surplus.Soil potassium was deficient for all treatments except the treatment of straw returning in rice-wheat cropping systems.
Potash
Cropping system
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