All-optical signal processing for linearity enhancement of Mach–Zehnder modulators
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The use of photonic techniques for microwave signal processing has the potential to bring improved performance and new capabilities to RF and microwave systems. Due to this promise, a large number of organizations are vigorously pursuing the processing of signals using photonics. Several recent demonstrations have illustrated the increasing maturity of the field. Here, we briefly present the motivations behind this growing effort and review the current capabilities of photonics.
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As the ultra-high frequency nature of lightwave corresponds to great potential in wideband signal processing, nextgeneration electronic information systems of surveillance, radar and communications is promised with photonic signal processing systems. However, the sophisticated photonic systems suffer from various hardware defects, which severely limit the performance of signal processing. By introducing the emerging deep learning technology into the photonic system, the hardware defects can be recovered by the trained neural networks. Using different modified neural networks, we have demonstrated high-accuracy photonic analog-to-digital converters, Brillouin instantaneous frequency measurement, and high-fidelity photonic radar receivers. The demonstrated systems with simple configurations can outperform the conventional photonic processing system with complex configurations. Note that the adoption of neural networks may cause additional time delay to the signal flow. Photonic neural network accelerators (PNNs) become a promising solution to realize real-time signal processing. We propose and experimentally demonstrate several system architectures of photonic convolutional neural networks. The photonic dot product unit architecture implements the basic operation in convolution neural networks. And an optical patching scheme is demonstrated to enhances the power efficiency of the input ports in PNNs. Performance evaluations show that the proposed PNN architectures possess potential advantages of energy efficiency and computational power. We believe that, by combining the technical advantages of photonic signal processing and PNN acceleration, intelligent photonic signal processing systems with high-performance real-time wideband signal processing capabilities can be realized. Moreover, the large-scale photonic integration technology promises the fabrication of such hybrid systems in the future.
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Fast digital multi-channel analyzers (FDMCA) which based on flash ADCs have been intensively used recently. The FDMCA is different from traditional MCAs which based on Wilkinson ADCs. The non-linearity, including the integral non-linearity (INL) and differential non-linearity (DNL), mainly arising from flash ADCs, degrade the accuracy of fast digital MCAs. To improve the non-linearity of FDMCA, a practical off-line correction method has been proposed in this paper. The non-linearity features of the FDMCA system is obtained by a special measurement previously. In light of that the non-linearity of a system is inherent; the non-linearity can be eliminated by comparing the data between the general measurement and the special one.
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Traditional methods and new method for measurement of low non-linearity of electronic components and circuits are described in this paper. Maintaining a linearity of components and circuits that are on principle linear is a measure of their quality. Passive intermodulation distortion (PIM) and non-linearity itself arises as a result of faults in production or component degradation and limits their usability.
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In this paper a tester is described which can be used to determine the linearity and fatigue in photomultipliers. Using this device, we have shown how to find the optimum arrangement of voltages to be applied to the dynodes of the photomultipliers to give linearity over the greatest possible range. When perfect linearity cannot be achieved, we have described a method which may be used to correct measured results for the lack of linearity. Detailed results are given for the 1P28 photomultiplier, but most of the ideas can similarly be applied to the other types.
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Receiver linearity is a measure of the variation in the gain of the receiver as a function of incident power. In a completely linear ideal receiver, the gain would be the same regardless of power, but real detectors may exhibit gain variation for a variety of reasons. The ability to specify the linearity of a detector is determined by both the linearity of the detector and the accuracy of the linearity test. Traditional methods rely on the linearity and accuracy of a reference device such as power sensors and step attenuators. This paper presents a new method that does not depend on other reference standards, that is capable of detecting very small linearity errors of modern RF receivers, that is repeatable and reproducible, that can operate over a very wider frequency range and is traceable to fundamental units (UI).
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Through the study of relationship between generatrix linearity and axes linearity of deep bore, we proposed the new principle and method to measure axes linearity of gunbarrel by measure of generatrix linearity. The conclusion of how to determine error between generatrix linearity and axes linearity and how to compensate the error are valuable in measurement of axes linearity of deep bore.
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A 2-D tetralateral position-sensitive detector (PSD) is able to provide continuous position measurements with high position resolution, fast response, and low cost. However, it suffers from the nonlinearity problem, which leads to inaccurate measurements. In this paper, two linearity indices are proposed as measures of linearity for its position measurement. Then, a systematic procedure is developed to design new formulas to achieve any degree of linearity through the use of the linearity indices. As an example, a simple estimation formula for the 2-D tetralateral PSD has been derived based on the procedure. Compared to the conventional formula, the linearity of the measurement is greatly improved when the new formula is used. To verify its effectiveness, the new formula is implemented in analog circuits and tested in our experiment. Similar linearity improvement for other 2-D PSDs can also be achieved by following the same design procedure.
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