[Preliminary study on the presence of arbovirus in the populations of Corrientes and Misiones].
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Seroprevalence
Flavivirus
Parana river
Ross River virus
Alphavirus infection
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Seroprevalence
Flavivirus
Parana river
Ross River virus
Alphavirus infection
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Zika Virus
Flavivirus
Arbovirus Infections
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Across the Pacific, and including in the Solomon Islands, outbreaks of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are increasing in frequency, scale and impact. Outbreaks of mosquito-borne disease have the potential to overwhelm the health systems of small island nations. This study mapped the seroprevalence of dengue, Zika, chikungunya and Ross River viruses in 5 study sites in the Solomon Islands. Serum samples from 1,021 participants were analysed by ELISA. Overall, 56% of participants were flavivirus-seropositive for dengue (28%), Zika (1%) or both flaviviruses (27%); and 53% of participants were alphavirus-seropositive for chikungunya (3%), Ross River virus (31%) or both alphaviruses (18%). Seroprevalence for both flaviviruses and alphaviruses varied by village and age of the participant. The most prevalent arboviruses in the Solomon Islands were dengue and Ross River virus. The high seroprevalence of dengue suggests that herd immunity may be a driver of dengue outbreak dynamics in the Solomon Islands. Despite being undetected prior to this survey, serology results suggest that Ross River virus transmission is endemic. There is a real need to increase the diagnostic capacities for each of the arboviruses to support effective case management and to provide timely information to inform vector control efforts and other outbreak mitigation interventions.
Seroprevalence
Zika Virus
Ross River virus
Flavivirus
Alphavirus infection
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Dengue virus (DENV) is a member of the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses. The Flavivirus genus includes viruses transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks, as well as zoonotic agents with no known arthropod vector. In addition to DENV, flaviviruses that
Flavivirus
Togaviridae
RNA virus
Viral Pathogenesis
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A clinical and entomological investigation was performed to identify flavivirus infections in humans and mosquitoes in impoverished areas of Guerrero, a coastal state in southwestern Mexico. A total of 639 patients with acute febrile illness and 830 resting female mosquitoes in low-income communities of Guerrero in 2019 were tested for evidence of flavivirus infection. Sera were collected from all patients and screened at a dilution of 1:20 by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) using dengue virus (DENV)2. A total of 431 (67.4%) patients were seropositive. Sera from a subset of seropositive patients (n = 263) were tested for flavivirus NS1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Forty-eight (18.3%) sera contained viral antigen. All NS1-positive sera were titrated and further tested by PRNT using DENV-1 to -4, St. Louis encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Zika virus (ZIKV). Seven patients were seropositive for DENV-1, five patients were seropositive for DENV-2, one patient was seropositive for DENV-3, and two patients each were seropositive for DENV-4 and ZIKV. The remainder had secondary flavivirus infections or antibodies to an undetermined flavivirus. Comparative PRNTs were also performed on 60 randomly selected NS1-negative sera, identifying patients seropositive for DENV-2, DENV-3, and ZIKV. The entomological investigation yielded 736 Aedes aegypti and 94 Culex quinquefasciatus that were sorted into 183 pools and 20 pools, respectively. Mosquitoes were assayed for flavivirus RNA by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. DENV-2 RNA was detected in three pools of A. aegypti. In summary, we provide evidence for the concurrent circulation of all four DENVs and ZIKV in Guerrero, Mexico. The public health authorities reported no cases of DENV-3, DENV-4, and ZIKV in Guerrero in 2019 and thus, we provide evidence of under-reporting in the region.
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Culex quinquefasciatus
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A employs an innovative technology (Patent No. 6, 589, 533) to develop safe and effective live-virus vaccines coupled with a low-cost system of manufacture. Arbovax created a strategy based on the straightforward concept of developing stable mutations of arboviruses that can replicate successfully in insect cells but grow poorly in mammalian cells, thus creating live, attenuated host-range mutant virus vaccines for any virus that has an insect vector and for which a cDNA clone can be produced. The first target is Dengue virus (DV), a mosquito-borne member of the Flavivirus family, which has four serologically distinct serotypes (DV1-4). Upwards of 100 million people are at risk for dengue infection each year, and with the increasing global spread of its mosquito vectors, including Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, this number is poised to dramatically increase. Currently no vaccine or therapeutic exists to counter DV. The use of live-virus vaccines for dengue is critical since virus-neutralizing epitopes have been found to be complexes only found in the whole, intact virus. Other types of vaccines which use denatured viral proteins or dengue virus domains taken out of the whole virus context may lead to the generation of subor non-neutralizing antibodies which in turn puts the patient at risk for developing dengue hemorrhagic fever upon secondary exposure. The immunogenicity and safety of three novel live, attenuated host-range DV vaccines containing deletions in the transmembrane domain of Dengue virus serotype-2 (DV2) E glycoprotein were evaluated in African green monkeys. Groups of 4 monkeys received one dose each of test vaccine candidate with no boost. Two vaccines, DV2∆GVII and DV2G460P, generated neutralizing antibody in the range of 700900 PRNT50. All three vaccine strains decreased the length of viremia by at least 2 days. No safety concerns were identified. Vaccines for Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) were also developed by Arbovax using the same method tio generate host-range viral mutants. Chikungunya is an emerging mosquito-borne virus of the Alphavirus family. Infections with CHIKV can lead to severe rheumatic disease in humans. As with DV, there are no current vaccines or therapeutics available. We analyzed five host-range CHIKV vaccines in a mouse model and assessed for joint swelling, generation of neutralizing antibodies, and protection from challenge. One vaccine produced no inflammation and no detectible viremia post-challenge.
Dengue vaccine
Aedes albopictus
Flavivirus
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Attenuated vaccine
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Arboviruses are frequently associated with outbreaks in humans and represent a serious public health problem. Among the Brazilian arboviruses, Mayaro virus, Dengue virus (DENV), Yellow Fever virus, Rocio virus, Saint Louis Encephalitis virus (SLEV), and Oropouche virus are responsible for most of human cases. All these arboviruses usually produce undistinguishable acute febrile illness, especially in the acute phase of infection. In this study we investigated the presence of arboviruses in sera of 519 patients presenting acute febrile illness, during a dengue outbreak in São José do Rio Preto City (São Paulo, Brazil). A multiplex-nested RT-polymerase chain reaction assay was applied to detect and identify the main Brazilian arboviruses (Flavivirus, Alphavirus, and Orthobunyavirus genera). The molecular analysis showed that 365 samples were positive to DENV-3, 5 to DENV-2, and 8 to SLEV. Among the positive samples, one coinfection was detected between DENV-2 and DENV-3. The phylogenetic analysis of the SLEV envelope gene indicated that the virus circulating in city is related to lineage V strains. These results indicated that during that large DENV-3 outbreak in 2006, different arboviruses cocirculated causing human disease. Thus, it is necessary to have an efficient surveillance system to control the dissemination of these arboviruses in the population.
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The mosquito Aedes aegypti carries several arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that are pathogenic to humans, including dengue and Zika viruses. Interestingly, A. aegypti is also naturally infected with insect-only viruses, such as cell-fusing agent virus. Although interactions between cell-fusing agent virus and dengue virus have been documented in mosquito cells in culture, whether wild strains of cell-fusing agent virus interfere with arbovirus transmission by live mosquitoes was unknown. We used an experimental approach to demonstrate that cell-fusing agent virus infection reduces the propagation of dengue and Zika viruses in A. aegypti mosquitoes. These results support the idea that insect-only viruses in nature can modulate the ability of mosquitoes to carry arboviruses of medical significance and that they could possibly be manipulated to reduce arbovirus transmission.
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Zika Virus
Flavivirus
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