The Prevalence of HPV Infection and Other Cervical Cancer Risk Factors in a Fijian Population.
Naomi BrewerSunia FoliakiNeil PearcePeter J.F. SnijdersChris J.M. MeijerLepani WaqatakirewaGary M. CliffordSilvia Franceschi
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I. INTRODUCTION AND METHODS. 1. Epidemiology: What Is It About? 2. Some Useful Concepts in Epidemiology. 3. Rates: A Basic Epidemiological Tool. 4. Epidemiological Methods. 5. Epidemiological Transitions in Disease Patterns Over Time. 6. Epidemiology and Control of Diseases of Infectious Origin. 7. Epidemiology and Control of Diseases of Noninfectious Etiology. II. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THE LIFE CYCLE. 8. Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality During Pregnancy and Infancy. 9. Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality in Childhood and Adolescence. 10. Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality in Young and Middle Adulthood. 11. Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality Over Age 65. III. APPLICATIONS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY. 12. Etiology and Natural History. 13. Disease Control and Surveillance. 14. Screening. 15. Clinical Decision Making. 16. Health Planning Evaluation.
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Teaching epidemiology in and out of the classroom, J.H. Abramson teaching the reluctant student, C. du V. Florey principles of epidemiology study design and planning, A. Ahlbom data collection and processing, E. Schach preparing for statistical analysis, J. Olsen teaching statistical methods in epidemiology, D. Clayton clinical epidemiology, J.A. Baron epidemiology in health services research, R.D. Weir screening for cancer, N. Day cancer epidemiology, C.S. Muir psychiatric epidemiology, R. Fuhrer and E. Fombonne occupational epidemiology, F. Merletti and P. Comba epidemiology of coronary heart disease, P. Ducimetiere and A. Kalandidi epidemiology of ageing and diseases in the elderly, A. Hofman epidemiology of infectious diseases and the study of outbreaks, D. Reid teaching the practice of epidemiology, U. Brinkmann the epidemiology of tropical diseases, M.E. Wilson epidemiology of AIDS, D. Trichopoulos et al teaching oral and dental epidemiology, F. Scheutz and A. Sheiham pharmacoepidemiology, M.S. Porta and X. Carne teaching epidemiology in EC countries, S. Allwright and J. Pemberton application and teaching of epidemiology developments in the European region of the World Health Organization, M. Thuriaux.
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Background While HPV infection is the main cause of cervical cancer, genetic susceptibility to HPV infection is not well understood. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), involved in the defense against HPV infection, plays an important role in cervical cancer progression and regression. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the TNF-alpha rs1800629 polymorphism and risk of HPV infection or cervical cancer. Methods Three groups were involved in this study of Chinese women. Group 1 consisted of 285 high risk HPV positive cervical cancer patients, Group 2, 225 high risk HPV positive patients without cervical cancer, and Group 3, 318 HPV negative women with no cervical cancer. Blood samples were obtained from all patients and genotyped by PCR-RLFP. Fifty randomly selected samples were further sequenced. Results The allele and genotype distributions of the TNF-alpha rs1800629 polymorphism were not significantly different between each of the groups (P>0.05). There are no significant relationship between rs1800629 polymorphism and high risk HPV infection (OR = 0.649, 95% CI: 0.253–1.670, P = 0.371), cervical cancer (OR = 0.993, 95% CI: 0.376–2.618, P = 0.988), or cervical cancer with HPV infection (OR = 0.663, 95% CI: 0.250–1.758, P = 0.409). Conclusions We demonstrated that there is no association between TNF rs1800629 polymorphism and the HPV infection, or cervical cancer with HPV infection.
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epiweek creates epidemiological week and equivalent epidemiological year from the calendar date. It extends the week function of Stata. Each epidemiological week begins on a Sunday and ends on Saturday. And the first epidemiological week of year ends on the first Saturday of January, provided that it falls at least four or more days into the month. epiweek2 converts epidemiological week and epidemiological year to the calendar date with the starting Sunday and the ending Saturday.
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Epidemiology of cancer
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epiweek creates epidemiological week and equivalent epidemiological year from the calendar date. It extends the week function of Stata. Each epidemiological week begins on a Sunday and ends on Saturday. And the first epidemiological week of year ends on the first Saturday of January, provided that it falls at least four or more days into the month. epiweek2 converts epidemiological week and epidemiological year to the calendar date with the starting Sunday and the ending Saturday.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between the HPV,HSV-2,HCMV,and CT cervical infection and cervical cancer.Method Samples from women with cervical carcinoma(40 subjects),cervical inflammation(60 subjects),and normal subjects(60) were analyzed.PCR,DNA genotyping,and thin prep cytological test were used in the identification of the pathogens.Result Compared with the samples from the normal subjects(11.67%),97.5% of samples from cervical cancer patients had HPV16、18、31、33、35、52、58 infection.The difference between these two group is highly significant(P 0.001).The percentage of HPV6、11,HSV-2,HCMV,and CT infection in the samples from cervical cancer patients was 47.5%,20%,10%,and 35%,respectively.The percentage of HPV6、11,HSV-2,HCMV,and CT infection in the normal samples was 20%,10.83%,7.5%,and 20.83%,respectively.The differences in the infection rates of these 4 types of pathogens between the normal and cancer patients were not significant(P 0.05).Correlation of infection by these four pathogens was also not observed.Conclusion HPV infection is the major risk factor for cervical cancer.There is no significant correlation between cervical cancer and infection with HPV6、11,HSV-2,HCMV,and CT.
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The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis, F. Schultz Larsen epidemiology of contract dermatitis, H.A. Smit and P.J. Coenraads epidemiology of urticaria, T. Schafer and J. Ring epidemiology of allergic rhinitis, B. Sibbald epidemiology of asthma, M.L. Burr epidemiology of allergic occupational lung diseases, K.M. Venables epidemiology of food related clinical symptoms in childhood, S. Strobel epidemiology of insect sting allergy, U.R. Muller epidemiology of allergic drug reactions, R. Hoigne, et al genetic aspects of atopy, W.O.C.M. Cookson epidemiology of factors which promote or protect against allergy, L. Nilsson and B. Bjorksten.
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Cervical cancer is a common gynecological malignancy that has shown a gradual increase in morbidity in recent years in China. High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) play a vital role in cervical cancer development and commercial vaccines are available. The overall HPV infection and geographical distribution characteristics of cervical Cancer among Chinese females have not been reported that may guide the application of the vaccines. This study systematically retrieves literature on HPV type and cervical cancer in China published from 2005 to 2017. Data are analyzed according to provinces and administrative areas for the meta-analysis. (1) SPSS17.0 software is used for the statistical data analysis. (2) χ² inspection is also employed to analyze the infection rate of different HPV types of different cervical lesion groups in seven regions of China. Results show that China’s HR-HPV16, 58, 18, 52, 33, 31, 53, 56, 59, 51, 35, and 68 infection rates are 60.49%, 11.16%, 9.68%, 7.05%, 5.61%, 3.62%, 2.88%, 2.32%, 1.96%, 1.74%, 1.53%, and 1.52%, respectively. Differences in the HR-HPV infection rate of cervical cancer were observed among different areas, especially for HPV 31, 33, 52, and 58. The genotypes of the top five HR-HPV infection rates in cervical cancer also show differences in different regions. The results offer a basis for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in different parts of China. HPV type distribution in relation to cervical cancer varies among different regions and parts of China. Therefore, use of available or development of new vaccines suitable for regional types is necessary to improve the efficacy of the vaccines in preventing the primary HPV infection in different areas of China.
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