Influences of the Yellow River Downstream Breaking on Groundwater Resources of the Watershed
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Groundwater resources plays an important role for the areas of the Yellow River downstream,and the lateral seepage of surface water is an important source for groundwater recharge of the watershed.Groundwater system in the Yellow River downstream has a total area of 29288.27km~2,and consists of two aquifer systems:shallow aquifer system (the groundwater type is phreatic water and micro-confined water) and middle-deep aquifer system (the groundwater type is confined water).Based on aquifer characteristics,boundary condition and groundwater flow regime,the hydro geologic concept model and the three-dimensional groundwater flow simulation mathematical model was built.The mathematical model was solved,calibrated and validation with Feflow (Finite Element subsurface FLOW system) software.According to validated numerical model,the paper simulated the relationship between surface water and subsurface water,and forecasted the trend of seepage quantity of groundwater from the Yellow River under different conditions including different breaking periods at time and length. The simulated result showed that,when the breaking length is from Huayuankou station to the river entrance,there was no lateral recharge of surface water to groundwater when the breaking occurred throughout the year,and the lateral recharge quantity is 2.98×10~8m~3 which is about 52.25% of the amount in a normal case when the breaking time is 300 days.When the breaking length was from Jiahetan station to the river entrance and the breaking happened in a year,the lateral seepage quantity of the Yellow River is 1.6×10~8m~3,which is about 74.4% less than the current year.When the breaking time is 300 days,the relevant seepage quantity is 3.46×10~8m~3,which is about 44.5%less than the current year.When the breaking length was from Lekou station to the river entrance and the breaking existed in the whole year,the lateral seepage quantity of the Yellow River is 4.83×10~8m~3,which is about 22.58% less than the current year;when the breaking time is 300 days,the relevant seepage quantity is 5.17×10~8m~3,which is about 17.06% less than the current year.When the breaking length was from Lijin station to the river entrance and the breaking time is throughout the year,the lateral seepage quantity of the Yellow River is 6.15×10~8m~3,which is about 1.5%less than the current year.The above results provide the references for utilization and regulation of the Yellow River water and groundwater of the watershed.Keywords:
Phreatic
Groundwater model
Subsurface Flow
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The Tarim River is a typical inland river.Riparian plants along the bank of this river mainly depend on the flood and groundwater to maintain their growth.The groundwater table depth determines the establishment,survival and growth of these plants.Since 2000,continuous monitoring of groundwater has been carried out by Tarim River Management Bureau and Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Science.Observation wells were set up along the cross sections perpendicular to the riverbed,and some pertinent researches and analyses have been done(Chen et al.,2003,Deng,2005).Due to the limitation in the number of the observation wells,examining groundwater spatial distribution is of significance,which will play a more dominant role in rational evaluation and scientific ecosystem management in the lower reaches of Tarim River.In this paper,the groundwater flow and the water-table fluctuation during the past 3 years(2001-2003,964day) were simulated to obtain the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater table by means of the GIS-based FEFLOW modeling based on the Digital Elevation Model data(DEM,5m precision) and hydrogeologic data obtained in the Alagan section,one representative section of 12 groundwater-monitoring sections,in the lower reaches of Tarim River.The hydraulic conductivities around the study area vary from 0.25 to 0.28×10~(-4)m/s and specific yield ranges from 0.15 to 0.26.Considering the aspects of the large area and the small horizontal head drop(1/10062),the depth of the phreatic aquifer is determined 29.7m and the elevation of the bottom barrier of the phreatic aquifer in the simulation area is a fixed value(782.09 m),i.e.the value subtracted 29.7m from the elevation at the lowest place in the study area.The groundwater recharge from precipitation and condensed water was omitted and the groundwater discharge from evapotranspiration and evaporation also can be neglected when the groundwater depth is deeper than 4.5 m.In terms of river data,combining TauDEM(Terrain Analysis Using Digital Elevation Models) for extracting and representing steam network with the '1D linear interpolation along lines' method in Feflow can obtain the water level data along the whole river.The model can be applied with relatively limited data to simulate the dynamic change of groundwater table.Then the calculated groundwater table can be used to analyze the relationship between groundwater and vegetation.The results of the modeling showed that groundwater was affected mainly by recharge from the river leakage,main effective region of this recharge was 1.0 km from the river and within this effective region the groundwater depth was below 9 m.
Tarim river
Phreatic
Table (database)
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This study investigates the problems of small areas of the River Valley in the middle reaches of Yellow River, thinness of Quaternary system and small water yield of conventional vertical wells. The Yellow River Valley at Mutouyu Village of Jia County in Shaanxi Province is selected as the research area in this paper, and method for exploitation of groundwater of multiple seepage wells in this area is proposed. By taking the exchange flow rate between aquifers and seepage wells as the coupling point, the coupled seepage-pipe flow model is established for the simultaneous computation of multiple seepage wells with irregular distribution of multiple radiate bores. By adopting the 3D groundwater flow finite difference method, the water yields are computed for different scenarios which include multiple seepage wells working simultaneously during the normal season and dry season, and the interference between adjacent wells is also studied. Based on this, it is recommended that the exploitation scheme where 3 seepage wells are adopted in the study area is appropriate, according to which the water yield in normal season is 43000m 3 /d, while that in dry season is 28600m 3 /d. The results show that seepage wells and other non-tube well collection structure are of great significance to water supply in this area.
Dry season
Water well
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It conducts a large scale disturbance pumping test in Shiqiao of exploitation area for guaranteeing the security of urban water supply and the embankments of the Yellow River under the conditions of exploiting groundwater along the river for years.The outcomes show that the slow settlement of ground surface introduced by shallow groundwater exploitation along the Yellow River could not endanger the embankments when the revised depression head coefficient of disturbance as well spacing 300 m is 12%,6% as well spacing 500 m and the final soil compaction beneath the embankments 13.50 ~ 22.23 cm.
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The relationship between the Yellow River and groundwater in the perched section (Henan Province) was focused on by means of groundwater numerical model. Based on hydrogeological analysis in the influence zone of the Yellow River (IZYR), which is the ranger of the Yellow River recharge to groundwater in plane and depth, a concept model was built up, in which the Yellow River is dealt with mixed boundary condition and the groundwater flow is heterogeneous, isotropic and three dimensional. Groundwater flow in IZYR was simulated by FEFLOW. IZYR is a huge subsurface reservoir with high regulating storage and recharge from the Yellow River. According to planning, it is suitable to build 8 large-scale well-fields, and the total pumping rate is (4.86)×10~8m~3/a. As an example, Yuanyang well-field under pumping rate of 40×10~4m~3/d is described and simulated in detail. The result shows that groundwater will be stable within 10 years under pumping, the maximal drawdown in the well-field is about 20m and the induced infiltration from the Yellow River will be 1.02×10~8m~3/a which is approximately 69.7% of the total pumping quantity. The model also simulated groundwater level and infiltration from the Yellow River on the condition of pumping of all planning large-scale well-fields. The research presents that the Yellow River plays very important role in enhancing renewability of groundwater resource and the pumping rate of planning large-scale well fields is assuring.
Infiltration (HVAC)
Groundwater model
Drawdown (hydrology)
Groundwater discharge
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The groundwater depth was monitored in nine groundwater-monitoring sections and forty monitoring wells during water conveyance for the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to 2006.This paper analyzed the response of groundwater depth to water conveyance.The results showed that the total net volume of recharged groundwater was 78 248.7×104 m3 after ecological water conveyance,accounting for 35.63% of the ecological inflow water.Among the eight water conveyance processes,the groundwater recharge was positive except the second and the sixth.The transverse influenced range of groundwater has close relation with the water conveyance amount and duration,extending with water conveyance processes.With distance increasing from water source the transverse influenced range of groundwater becomes narrow,showing alienated relation of groundwater recharge with distance from water source.
Tarim river
Depression-focused recharge
Inflow
Groundwater discharge
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A numerical model of water exchange between a river and groundwater was established to study the water exchange in the section from Jieshou Station to Fuyang Station of the Shaying River.The results show that discharge through rivers is a major way in which groundwater discharges,and the water exchange between surface water and groundwater is characterized by groundwater replenishing surface water.The water exchange volume is directly correlated with hydraulic conductivity(C),and their relationship is nearly exponential.When C=100 m2/d,the discharge from the river to groundwater was 4.77×10-6 m3/(s·km) during the high flood stage period,and the phreatic water table within 1 000 m along the river was significantly affected by recharge;and in the dry season,the discharge from groundwater to the river was 7.26×10-3 m3/(s·km).Over-exploitation of groundwater may lead to a decrease in groundwater recharge and have a negative effect on river discharge in the Shaying River in the dry season.
Groundwater discharge
Dry season
Discharge
Phreatic
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Aquifer responses to the river stage fluctuations were analyzed between the groundwater level and the river stage in an alluvial aquifer. The auto-correlation and cross-correlation as a time series analysis were applied. Study site is a floodplain in the Mangyeong river. Groundwater levels in each depth representing the silt and sand(SS), gravel and sand(GS), and weathered zone(WZ) layer were monitored. The groundwater levels were more sensitive to the river stage fluctuations than rainfall. Since the river stages are influenced by the gate operations downstream and tide, show periodic patterns, and the correlation coefficients with rainfall is low. Cross-correlation function between groundwater level in each depth do not show any delay time, then response time is very short to each depth. Cross-correlation analysis were performed to estimate the response time of groundwater levels to river stage fluctuations. Groundwater levels respond to the river stage within 30 minutes to 1 hour in wells near the stream. Short time lag between groundwater level and river stage indicates the quick response. A different response time imply the hydraulic inhomogeneity of the site, and a probable high permeability zone between river and aquifer can be inferred. Mangyeong-river in study site is a gaining stream normally, and river stage rising by gate operation or floods makes river water flow into groundwater. The auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions as a time series analysis can be a good tool to interpret the aquifer responses to stream stage fluctuation
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This paper discussed the process and result of the determination of the velocity and direction of groundwater flow using single well dilution method in a well opened at the bottom of the Changjiang River in the aquifer of Quaternary Period among Wuhan city. Besides it analyzed the result and got some corresponding conclusions, which show that: The surface flow of the Changjiang River has great effects on the direction of the groundwater in JCII6 bore at the bottom of Changjiang River, which change the direction of the groundwater to the east gradually about 35°.The effect on above layer is greater than that on deeper layer. The velocity of the groundwater in the above midfine sand layer is greater than that in the deep midcoarse sand layer. Although we took special construction techniques in this experiment, the menstruation spot is near to the discharge zone in the middle of the Changjiang River, the vertical flow has effect on the mensuration, thus the testing velocity of groundwater is bit greater than the actual velocity of groundwater. The hydrogeological conditions of this spot determine that there is no obvious water level difference in the three layers and between the groundwater and Changjiang River water. So, the error caused by above reason is very slim and can be omitted.
Groundwater discharge
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For effective groundwater management of a basin, it is essential that a careful water balance study be carried out. A three-dimensional transient-state finite difference groundwater flow model is used to quantify the groundwater fluxes and analyze the dynamic changes of groundwater level. After monitoring groundwater levels for 43 typical observation wells through a simulation study of the groundwater flow model with a depth of 300 m, results reveal that the study area has a lateral recharge of about 3.57 × 109 m3, which makes up 79.08% of the total recharge; total evaporation is about 1.81 × 108 m3, which makes up 3.77% of the total discharge. The balance of groundwater is negative, with a recharge and discharge difference of −2.81 × 108 m3. The correlation coefficient between the observed head and the calculated head for the simulation period is greater than 0.81, indicating the simulation results are satisfactory. The maximum groundwater drawdown is 26.59 m and the rate of the groundwater drawdown is 0.15 m/d during normal operation of the pumping well.
MODFLOW
Drawdown (hydrology)
Groundwater discharge
Groundwater model
Water balance
Hydraulic head
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