Experimental Study on Pumping of Disturbance of Groundwater Exploitation along the Lower Yellow River
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It conducts a large scale disturbance pumping test in Shiqiao of exploitation area for guaranteeing the security of urban water supply and the embankments of the Yellow River under the conditions of exploiting groundwater along the river for years.The outcomes show that the slow settlement of ground surface introduced by shallow groundwater exploitation along the Yellow River could not endanger the embankments when the revised depression head coefficient of disturbance as well spacing 300 m is 12%,6% as well spacing 500 m and the final soil compaction beneath the embankments 13.50 ~ 22.23 cm.Cite
Based on the depth and water chemistry data of the ground water at lower reaches of the Talim River in 90',the groundwater depth and water chemistry were analyzed systemically after water flow has been interrupted for more than 20 years.The mineralization?ion content and the chemical types were analyzed.The results showed that the characteristics of the groundwater chemistry has the horizontal and vertical distributation;the chamical components changed gradually from the water source;the groundwater universally mineralized.The groundwater depth near the rivercourse was between 6.5~10m after 20 years of no water in the watercourse.According to the distribution rule?characteristics of the salinity and depth of the groundwater,the groundwater characteristics especially the salinity must be taken into account when soluing the problem of water source of lower reaches.
Groundwater discharge
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This study investigates the problems of small areas of the River Valley in the middle reaches of Yellow River, thinness of Quaternary system and small water yield of conventional vertical wells. The Yellow River Valley at Mutouyu Village of Jia County in Shaanxi Province is selected as the research area in this paper, and method for exploitation of groundwater of multiple seepage wells in this area is proposed. By taking the exchange flow rate between aquifers and seepage wells as the coupling point, the coupled seepage-pipe flow model is established for the simultaneous computation of multiple seepage wells with irregular distribution of multiple radiate bores. By adopting the 3D groundwater flow finite difference method, the water yields are computed for different scenarios which include multiple seepage wells working simultaneously during the normal season and dry season, and the interference between adjacent wells is also studied. Based on this, it is recommended that the exploitation scheme where 3 seepage wells are adopted in the study area is appropriate, according to which the water yield in normal season is 43000m 3 /d, while that in dry season is 28600m 3 /d. The results show that seepage wells and other non-tube well collection structure are of great significance to water supply in this area.
Dry season
Water well
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The relationship between the Yellow River and groundwater in the perched section (Henan Province) was focused on by means of groundwater numerical model. Based on hydrogeological analysis in the influence zone of the Yellow River (IZYR), which is the ranger of the Yellow River recharge to groundwater in plane and depth, a concept model was built up, in which the Yellow River is dealt with mixed boundary condition and the groundwater flow is heterogeneous, isotropic and three dimensional. Groundwater flow in IZYR was simulated by FEFLOW. IZYR is a huge subsurface reservoir with high regulating storage and recharge from the Yellow River. According to planning, it is suitable to build 8 large-scale well-fields, and the total pumping rate is (4.86)×10~8m~3/a. As an example, Yuanyang well-field under pumping rate of 40×10~4m~3/d is described and simulated in detail. The result shows that groundwater will be stable within 10 years under pumping, the maximal drawdown in the well-field is about 20m and the induced infiltration from the Yellow River will be 1.02×10~8m~3/a which is approximately 69.7% of the total pumping quantity. The model also simulated groundwater level and infiltration from the Yellow River on the condition of pumping of all planning large-scale well-fields. The research presents that the Yellow River plays very important role in enhancing renewability of groundwater resource and the pumping rate of planning large-scale well fields is assuring.
Infiltration (HVAC)
Groundwater model
Drawdown (hydrology)
Groundwater discharge
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Bribie Island is a large, heterogeneous, sand barrier island that contains groundwater aquifers of commercial and environmental significance. Population growth has resulted in expanding residential developments and consequently increased demand for water. Caboolture Shire Council (CSC) has proposed to increase groundwater extraction by a new borefield. Two aquifers exist within the Quaternary sandmass which are separated by an indurated sand layer that is ubiquitous in the area. A shallow aquifer occurs in the surficial, clean sands and is perched on the indurated sands. Water levels in the shallow water table aquifer follow the topography and groundwater occurs under unconfined conditions in this system. A basal aquifer occurs beneath the indurated sands, which act as a semi-confining layer in the island system. The potentiometric surface of the basal aquifer occurs as a gentle groundwater mound. The shallow groundwater system supports water-dependent ecosystems including wetlands, native woodlands and commercial pine plantations. Excessive groundwater extraction could lower the water table in the shallow aquifer to below the root depth of vegetation on the island. Groundwater discharge along the coastline is essential to maintain the position of the saline water - fresh groundwater boundary in this island aquifer system. Any activity that changes the volume of fresh water discharge or lowers the water table or potentiometric surface below sea level will result in a consequent change in the saline water – freshwater interface and could lead to saline water intrusion. Groundwater level data was compared with the residual rainfall mass curve (RRMC) on hydrographs, which revealed that the major trends in groundwater levels are related to rainfall. Bribie Island has a sub-tropical climate, with a mean annual rainfall of around 1358mm/year (Bongaree station). Mean annual pan evaporation is around 1679mm/year and estimates of the potential evapotranspiration rates range from 1003 to 1293mm/year. Flows from creeks, the central swale and groundwater discharged from the area have the potential to affect water quality within the tidal estuary, Pumicestone Passage. Groundwater within the island aquifer system is fresh with electrical conductivity ranging from 61 to 1018iS/cm while water near the coast, canals or tidal creeks is brackish to saline (1596 to 34800iS/cm). Measurements of pH show that all groundwater is acidic to slightly acidic (3.3-6.6), the lower values are attributed to the breakdown of plant material into organic acids.
Groundwater is dominated by Na-Cl type water, which is expected in a coastal island environment with Na-Cl rainfall. Some groundwater samples possess higher concentrations of calcium and bicarbonate ions, which could be due to chemical interactions with buried shell beds while water is infiltrating to depth and due to the longer residence times of groundwater in the basal aquifer. A steady-state, sub-regional groundwater flow model was developed using the Visual MODFLOW computer package. The 4 layer, flow model simulated the existing hydrogeological system and the dominant groundwater processes controlling groundwater flow. The numerical model was calibrated against existing data and returned reasonable estimates of groundwater levels and hydraulic parameters. The model illustrated that: .. The primary source of groundwater recharge is infiltration of rainfall for the upper, perched aquifer (Layer 1). Recharge for the lower sand layers is via vertical leakage from the upper, perched aquifer, through the indurated sands (Layers 2 and 3) to the semi-confined, basal aquifer (Layer 4). .. The dominant drainage processes on Bribie Island are evapotranspiration (15070m3/day) and groundwater seepage from the coast, canals and tidal creeks (9512m3/day). Analytical calculations using Darcy’s Law estimated that approximately 8000m3/day of groundwater discharges from central Bribie Island, approximately 16% less than the model. .. As groundwater flows preferentially toward the steepest hydraulic gradient, the main direction of horizontal groundwater flow is expected to be along an eastwest axis, towards either the central swale or the coastline. The central swale was found to act as a groundwater sink in the project area.
Groundwater discharge
Groundwater model
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Infiltration (HVAC)
Groundwater discharge
Dredging
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The groundwater depth was monitored in nine groundwater-monitoring sections and forty monitoring wells during water conveyance for the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to 2006.This paper analyzed the response of groundwater depth to water conveyance.The results showed that the total net volume of recharged groundwater was 78 248.7×104 m3 after ecological water conveyance,accounting for 35.63% of the ecological inflow water.Among the eight water conveyance processes,the groundwater recharge was positive except the second and the sixth.The transverse influenced range of groundwater has close relation with the water conveyance amount and duration,extending with water conveyance processes.With distance increasing from water source the transverse influenced range of groundwater becomes narrow,showing alienated relation of groundwater recharge with distance from water source.
Tarim river
Depression-focused recharge
Inflow
Groundwater discharge
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Drainage of groundwater by surface water, i.e. groundwater inflow into a stream or lake, is an essential component of the water balance. Moreover, the drainage and its spatial distribution determine geomorphological processes taking place in the riverbed. In order to identify the spatial distribution of groundwater inflow into the river, prototypes of two new meters filtrometer and gradientmeter) were designed and developed. The filtrometer allows to directly measure the groundwater-surface water seepage through bottom sediments at the place where the meter is embedded into the riverbed. The gradientmeter allows to measure hydraulic gradient within bottom sediments between groundwater and the river. Both parameters measured directly in the riverbed allow to specify the conditions of groundwater flow through bottom sediments. The field research studies conducted by means of the specified meters (filtrometer and gradientmeter) within the ParsÄta River valley at Storkowo were aimed to investigate the drainage of groundwater and its conditions. A section of the ParsÄta River with a length of 1600 meters and having no tributaries was selected. Three series of field measurements: spring, summer and autumn ones were conducted. During each series approximately 30 measurements were made by means of the filtrometer and the gradientmeter. The conducted measurements made it possible to calculate flow rates of the drainage of groundwater within the examined section of the ParsÄta. The obtained results were verified on the basis of control measurements with the application of the differential river flow method. Moreover, it was possible to assess the spatial distribution of specific discharge, hydraulic gradient and hydraulic conductivity in bottom sediments of the ParsÄta. On an annual basis, the largest drainage of groundwater was found within meander erosive areas where it reached nearly 150% of the average value for the examined section within the ParsÄta valley. Within meander accumulative areas, the drainage level was at approximately 110% of the average value. At straight sections the drainage of groundwater was the lowest and amounted about 66% of the average value. The research studies conducted in the ParsÄta valley confirmed the usefulness of the new method to assess the drainage of groundwater and its conditions within the river.
Groundwater discharge
Inflow
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Groundwater discharge
Groundwater model
Infiltration (HVAC)
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A numerical model of water exchange between a river and groundwater was established to study the water exchange in the section from Jieshou Station to Fuyang Station of the Shaying River.The results show that discharge through rivers is a major way in which groundwater discharges,and the water exchange between surface water and groundwater is characterized by groundwater replenishing surface water.The water exchange volume is directly correlated with hydraulic conductivity(C),and their relationship is nearly exponential.When C=100 m2/d,the discharge from the river to groundwater was 4.77×10-6 m3/(s·km) during the high flood stage period,and the phreatic water table within 1 000 m along the river was significantly affected by recharge;and in the dry season,the discharge from groundwater to the river was 7.26×10-3 m3/(s·km).Over-exploitation of groundwater may lead to a decrease in groundwater recharge and have a negative effect on river discharge in the Shaying River in the dry season.
Groundwater discharge
Dry season
Discharge
Phreatic
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Based on the three monitoring sections: Shazihe section,Usman section and Archihe section,the variation in groundwater chemistry during 2001—2005 was collected and the regulation of groundwater chemical variation influenced by the embankments was analyzed.The results indict that spatial variations in groundwater at Shazihe section is: the nearer to the embankments,the higher concentrations of ions in groundwater,which is opposite to the normal.The changes of groundwater chemical properties were not significantly,but the salt accumulation in topsoil are severe comparing with that before building the embankment.At the Archihe section,the change of groundwater hydrochemical properties caused by building the embankment is complicated.Generally,the content of major ions is lower in flood season than that in dry season at both the Usman section and Archihe Section.However it is opposite at the Shazihe Section.The contents of groundwater chemistry and their variations have close relations to the different environmental factors of the monitoring sections.About Shazihe Section,there had not been water overflowing from the watercourse since the embankments constructed.In contrast,ecological brakes were set in both Usman and Achihe sections,the water supplying in flooding period is relative plenteous.In general,total dissolved solids(TDS) and the concentrations in major ions are determined by the depth of groundwater,they increase directly with the groundwater level going down.
Section (typography)
Topsoil
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