Research on Climate Characteristics of Thunderstorm Phenomena in Areas around Daxing'an Mountain and Xiaoxing'an Mountain
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By using the observed data from 20 weather stations in South China,the characteristics of diurnal,seasonal,multi-year variations and relative atmospheric physical parameters and circulation fields were demonstrated. The results show ed that the thunderstorm frequency peak from afternoon to the evening(9% at 12: 00(UTC,hereafter the same)),and least in the morning(2% at 03: 00). The higher thunderstorm frequency occurred in July and August( 35%),and the low er thunderstorm frequency in December and January( 1%).The annual and summer thunderstorm frequency decreased with a rate of-1% ·(10a)-1and-3. 5% ·(10a)-1from 1980 s to 21 thcentury,yet after 21 thcentury,it has a weak increasing trend. On the whole year,the ratio of thunderstorm precipitation and total precipitation was 48%,but in summer,the value was 64%. The variation of annual(summer) thunderstorm precipitation were relatively similar with annual(summer) thunderstorm frequency,their correlation coefficient was 0. 46(0. 71). In summer,accompany with the variation of thunderstorm frequency,the atmospheric circulation exhibits large-scale abnormally in east Asia. During higher thunderstorm frequency month,the western Pacific subtropical high was abnormally weaker. Meanw hile,there was abnormally ascending flow s in the upper-middle troposphere over the South China. In addition,from the view of thermal instability,the abnormally high total tolals index and abnormally high convective available potential energy index has significant relationship with thunderstorm frequency,their correlation coefficients were 0. 58 and 0. 76. The thunderstorm frequency has statistical relevance with the surface temperature,how ever,it requires substantial investigation to make sure that whether it is a response of thunderstorms thermal and dynamical factor to the global climate change.
Subtropical ridge
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Thunderstorm is one of the most frequently disastrous weather in Wuwei of Gansu Province. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and changed trend of thunderstorm weather were analyzed by using the statistical methods based on thunderstorm data from 5 meteorological stations in Wuwei city during 1961- 2010,firstly. Combined the daily NCEP reanalysis data with 6 h temporal and 1° × 1° spatial resolution from April to October during 2001- 2010,the circulation pattern of thunderstorm weather were summarized through north- south airflow configuration. Results showed that the spatial distribution of thunderstorm weather in Wuwei was regionally obvious due to the altitude and topography,and the thunderstorm days in Tianzhu of southern mountain area was far more than those in other parts,which accounted for 40. 6% of the total thunderstorm days during 1961- 2010. The annual and decadal changes of thunderstorm days appeared declining tends on the whole,the declining trend in Tianzhu was most significant,and the climatic linear tendency was- 5. 819 d /10 a. The quasi- period of thunderstorm days in Wuwei was seven to eight years. The thunderstorm in Wuwei mainly occurred from June to August,which accounted for 70. 8% to 78. 6% of the annual total thunderstorm days.Additionally,the daily changes of thunderstorm weather in Wuwei were significant,mainly occurred from 12: 00 to 22: 00,especially from 13: 00 to 17: 00,and the average durations were 10 to 40 minutes. Regional characteristic of thunderstorm weather was very obvious,and the thunderstorm days reduced rapidly with the increase of thunderstorm station numbers. The circulation pattern of thunderstorm weather was divided into three categories in Wuwei city,i. e. northwest airflow,southwest airflow and westerly airflow types. To the thunderstorm with northwest airflow type,the cold advection on upper level was deep and slow- moving,which was beneficial to the occurrence of strong convective weather,the proportion of thunderstorm was the most. The cold air didn't remain after the weather system passed through Wuwei for the southwest airflow type,which wasn't conductive to the occurrence of strong convective,the proportion of thunderstorm was the least. The location of the upper vortex was to the north and the cold air was stronger for the westerly airflow type,which was more advantageous to strong convective weather occurrence,the proportion of thunderstorm was relatively higher.
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With the historical data of thunderstorms from six weather stations in the Jiangmen area,this paper studies their climatological characteristics. The results are shown as follows. The thunderstorm weather is more frequent in the south and coastal area than in the north and over land. The annual mean number of thunderstorm days is 6. 4 d,which is significantly interdecadal. The monthly variation is of single peak with concentrated period in April through September. In Jiangmen,thunderstorms can occur at anytime of the day though the diurnal peak is after midday. Usually in June and July,the associated wind is mostly at Beaufort scale 7 to 8,taking up 88. 9% of the total thunderstorms. All in September,only six thunderstorms had winds above Beaufort scale 11,which is 1. 3% of the total. Serious disasters are brought to Jiangmen City annually,resulting in economic loss worth of a million yuan( RMB).
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Based on the observation data in 4 stations of Hezhou during 1960-2009(Fuchuan during 1960-2009),the climate characteristics and the spatial and temporal distribution of the possible influencing factors of thunderstorm,regional differences of the first and last thunderstorm and changing trends,relationship between precipitation and temperature with thunderstorms had been studied.The results showed that the Thunderstorms of Hezhou were more in the south than north and had obvious annual variation,which presented an obvious decreasing trend in past 50 years;there was a violent annual changes in the first and last thunderstorms as well as their interval days;thunderstorms happened more in summer than in winter,whose monthly distribution presented a single-peak type,the thunderstorms took place mainly from February to September,the most in August,least in December.The average monthly number of thunderstorm days for many years showed a significant positive correlation with precipitation and temperature;unstable factor and station meteorological factors change had a good indication for forecasting thunderstorms in Hezhou.
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Thunderstorm rainfall is a major form of convective rainfall over Nigeria. Its contribution to total wet season rainfall increases from about 18% in the south to 36% in the north. The importance of thunderstorms lies in the fact that they contribute significantly to flooding episodes and soil erosion processes due to their high intensity and torrential characteristics. This paper examines the spatial and temporal variations in thunderstorm rainfall over Nigeria using daily rainfall data and associated weather information over a 30 year period (1960–1989) for 19 synoptic stations. Results show that the dry season distribution pattern of rainfall due to thunderstorms shows a general decrease from south to north similar to the total rainfall distribution pattern in the country. At the peak of the wet season (July–September) thunderstorm rainfall increases northwards up to around latitude 11°N when it begins to decrease. The effect of orography in enhancing thunderstorm rainfall across the country is also shown. Elementary linkage analysis was used to group the 19 synoptic stations into thunderstorm rainfall regions. Six regions were identified which showed internal coherence in terms of temporal fluctuations of thunderstorm rainfall. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
Orography
Wet season
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In order to reveal the climatic variation characteristics of thunderstorm in Fuding under global warming, Using the observational thunderstorm data of meteorological station in Fuding during 1971-2010,and the characteristics of thunderstorm were anlyzed by climate trend rate method and climate trend coefficient method.The results show that;①the annual average number of thunderstorm days is 48 d in Fuding and the total trend of thunderstorm has been decreased in the recent 40 years,the rate of its climate tendency is 2 d/10 a;②the thunderstorm has the obvious seasonal,about 56%thunderstorms occur in summer,Thunderstorm day is the most in August,and then decreases obviously in September,monthly characteristics of thunderstorm day are similar to those of air temperature and precipitation;③the first thunderstorm day is significantly delayed 4 d/10 a,the last thunderstorm day is significantly delayed 4.4 d/10 a,thus the duration of thunderstorm has been slight increased.
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Abstract Summer is a dry season in northern Taiwan. By contrast, the Taipei basin, located in this region, has its maximum rainfall during summer (15 June–31 August), when 78% of this rainfall is contributed by afternoon thunderstorms. This thunderstorm activity occurs during only 20 days in summer. Because of the pronounced impacts on the well-being of three million people in the basin and the relative infrequency of occurrence, forecasting thunderstorm events is an important operational issue in the Taipei basin. The basin’s small size (30 km × 60 km), with two river exits and limited thunderstorm occurrence days, makes the development of a thunderstorm activity forecast model for this basin a great challenge. Synoptic analysis reveals a thunderstorm day may develop from morning synoptic conditions free of clouds/rain, with a NW–SE-oriented dipole located south of Taiwan and southwesterlies straddling the low and high of this dipole. The surface meteorological conditions along the two river valleys exhibit distinct diurnal variations of pressure, temperature, dewpoint depression, relative humidity, and land–sea breezes. The primary features of the synoptic conditions and timings of the diurnal cycles for the four surface variables are utilized to develop a two-step hybrid forecast advisory for thunderstorm occurrence. Step 1 validates the 24-h forecasts for the 0000 UTC (0800 LST) synoptic conditions and timings for diurnal variations for the first five surface variables on thunderstorm days. Step 2 validates the same synoptic and surface meteorological conditions (including sea-breeze onset time) observed on the thunderstorm day. The feasibility of the proposed forecast advisory is successfully demonstrated by these validations.
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Through study on thunderstorm and strong wind data from 13 meteorological stations in Guilin from 2004 to 2008,the spatial distribution and variation characteristics were researched.The results showed that thunderstorm and strong wind mainly occurr in spring and summer(Feb.-Aug.),among which,May comes first,and Mar.takes the second place.In Jan.,Sep.,Oct.,Nov.,and Dec.,there are almost no thunderstorm and strong wind.Seeing from spatial distribution,there are three prone areas,first is Xianggui Corridor entrance Quanzhou and Xingan;second is central district including Guilin and its neighboring land;third is southern district represented by Yangshuo and Jiapu County.At the same time,causes about 33 cases of thunderstorm and strong wind wether were analyzed,three weather prognostics were obtained.These conclusions will provide a significant basis for further study on severe convective weather in Guilin.
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By using the observational data of thunderstorm in Yantai Fushan District during 1980- 2010,the evolution and the climatic characteristics of the thunderstorms were studied by means of mathematical statistics.The results showed that the interannual thunderstorm variability is great,every 2- 3 years is a cycle fluctuations,the rate of annual thunderstorm is decreasing of 1.103 day per decade.The obvious seasonal variation of thunderstorm can also be detected,and the thunderstorms are getting more and more,from winter to summer.Initial(final) days of thunderstorm distribution are more fragmented.The initial day of thunderstorm ahead of time obviously,and the final days of thunderstorm over the years are more and more late.The high correlation between thunderstorm,temperature and precipitation in Fushan,showed that the characteristics of thunderstorm is a better indicator in combating climate change.
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Based on the observational thunder storm data of 115 stations in Inner Mongolia for1971-2007,by using the statistical software of SAS,the method of Mann-Kendall test and wavelets,the thunderstorm climatic characteristics are analyzed.The results show that the regional differences of thunderstorm days are significant in Inner Mongolia,the annual-average thunderstorm days are the least in west region of Inner Mongolia and the most in the central region.The mean annual numbers of thunderstorm days are 28.6,and has a decreasing trend,the rate of the climatic tendency is-2.09d/10a.Mann-Kendall test shows that there was an abrupt change in the1990s.The thunderstorm has obvious monthly and seasonal change,over 75﹪of thunderstorms in a year occurred in summer,the period from May to September is the season when thunderstorm occurred the most frequently,and the probability is extremely low in winter.The results from wavelets analysis show that the variation period of annual number of thunderstorm days is about the short periods of 2 years、3 years、5 years、8 years and the long periods of 12 years and 20 years.
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