Estimation of Excess Mortality Associated with Influenza-Epidemics by Age and Cause Specific Death in Japan, 1975-1999.
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of recent influenza epidemics on mortality in Japan.Methods: We applied a new definition of excess mortality associated with influenza epidemics and a new estimation method (new method) proposed in our previous paper to the national vital statistics for 1975-1999 (ICD8- ICD10 had been adopted) in Japan. This new method has the advantages of removing a source of random variations in excess mortality and of being applicable to shifting trends in mortality rates from different causes of death in response to the revision of ICD. The monthly rates of death from all causes other than accidents (all causes) and some cause-specific deaths such as pneumonia, malignant neoplasm, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease (C. V. D) and diabetes (D. M.) were analyzed by total and by five age groups: 0-4 years, 5-24 years, 25-44 years, 45-64 years, and 65 years old or older.Results: The following findings were noted:1. For each epidemic in every other year since 1993, large-scale excess mortality of over 10, 000 deaths was observed and the effect of those epidemics could be frequently detected in mortality even among young persons, i. e., 0-4 years or 5-25 years.2. Excess mortality associated with influenza epidemics influenced mortality by some chronic diseases such as pneumonia, heart disease, C. V. D., D. M., etc. For some epidemic years since 1978, excess mortality rates were detected even in mortality by malignant neoplasm.Conclusions: It has been definitely shown by applying the new method to the national vital statistics for 1975-1999 in Japan that influenza epidemics in recent years exerted an influence on overall mortality, increasing the number of deaths among the elderly and the younger generation. Monitoring of the trends in excess mortality associated with influenza epidemics should be continued.Keywords:
Excess mortality
Objective To analyze mortality cause of respiratory disease and to explore the measures for its prevention and control. Methods The mortality rate and proportion, the characteristic of distribution in respiratory disease were analyzed in terms of the death data. Results The mortality rate of respiratory disease was 84.27 / 100 000 in An'ren county from 2004 to 2005, which was the third leading cause of death in total registered death. The mortality rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia were 70.07/100 000 and 10.42/100 000, which became the first and second leading cause of death in respiratory diseases. There were two peaks of death rates in persons aged 14 and 75 years, which were the third leading cause, and in persons aged 75 years or older was the second of the total registered death. No difference of mortality rate was found between males and females. The morality rate of inhabitants in the urban areas was lower than that in the rural areas(P0.05). Conclusion An'ren County remains higher mortality rate of respiratory disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia are the main causes of death. The prevention and control of respiratory disease should be strengthened to reduce the death harm to inhabitants.
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Population-based surveillance data from California and Georgia for years 2004 through 2008 were linked to state death record files to determine the all-cause death rate among 12,143 patients identified with sickle cell disease (SCD).
Disease Surveillance
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Differential All-Cause Excess Mortality of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in the U.S. Registration Area
The 1918 influenza pandemic is one of the deadliest events to have occurred in recorded history. This pandemic remains significant to public health due to the potential of a 1918-like pandemic occurring today. The implications of a future influenza similar to that of 1918 necessitate investigation into the mortality of this pandemic. Previous studies examining mortality records in the U.S. during the pandemic found that mortality varied by city and state, and was associated with factors such as sex, age, urbanization, and population density and growth.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the age- and sex-specific all-cause excess mortality during the 1918 pandemic in the U.S. among twenty-four states with registered mortality data. A secondary objective of the study is to examine the correlations between all-cause excess mortality and suspected determinants of mortality during the pandemic.
This study used mortality data from Vital Statistics reports of the U.S. Census Bureau for states that registered by 1915. Excess mortality was determined by age and sex as the deviation of mortality in 1918-20 from the average mortality rate in 1915-17 and 1921-23.
Overall, the excess mortality rate was the highest in 1918, while in 1919 and 1920 the mortality rates were similar to the non-pandemic rates. With few state exceptions, excess mortality decreased substantially in 1919 and increased in 1920. Younger age groups had higher excess mortality in every year. In 1918, male excess mortality exceeded female excess mortality; however in 1919 and 1920 this was reversed. While some states demonstrated consistent age-specific and sex-specific patterns of excess mortality compared to the average rates, overall, the excess mortality varied greatly across all states. Population density, urbanization, and male to female ratios were moderately correlated with overall excess mortality, while military enlistment and influenza and pneumonia mortality were weakly correlated with excess mortality rates. These correlations varied by age and sex. The variation in excess mortality and the weak to moderate correlations with suspected determinants of mortality during the 1918 pandemic suggest further investigation of these determinants with regards to predicting excess mortality.
Excess mortality
Pandemic
Influenza pandemic
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Objective To understand the level of mortality,causes of death and trends of urban and rural residents in Guangdong Province,to grasp the main cause of death and population distribution.Methods Thirteen counties are selected to conduct death retrospective survey by cluster random sampling method.Data from 12 counties were analyzed.The indicators included death rate,standard death rate,and order of death causes.Results The crude death rate was 658.6/100 000,while the standard death rate 436.3/100 000.The standard death rate was 549.4/100 000 in male,higher than that(334.0/100 000) in female(P0.01);and was 458.6/100 000 in rural area,higher than that(387.2/100 000) in urban area(P0.01).Chronic non-communicable diseases,injury and poisoning,infectious diseases and maternal and child disease death rates were 560.6/100 000,50.9/100 000 and 34.1/100 000,respectively,accounting for 85.1%,7.7% and 5.2% of the total cause of death.The top five causes of death were cancer,cerebrovascular disease,cardiovascular disease,respiratory disease,injury and poisoning.The mortality rate of perinatal diseases was the highest for the age under 5 years,accounting for 35.1% of the total death cause.For 5-14 years old children,the top cause of death was injuries and poisoning(55.8%).Cancer(38.1 %) was the first cause of death for 15-59 years old people.The top cause of death was circulation system disease(44.5%) for old people aged 60 years old and above.Average life expectancy of residents was 75.5 years.The total years of potential life loss(YPLL) was about 3 406 thousand person-years,2 079 thousand person-years in male,1 327 thousand person-years in female,and 1 426 thousand person-years in urban area,1 980 thousand person-years in rural area.YPLL induced by chronic non-communicable diseases,injury and poisoning,infectious diseases and maternal and infant disease were 1 641 thousand person-years,1 163 thousand person-years,492 thousand person-years,respectively,accounting for 48.2%,34.1%,14.5%,respectively.Conclusion Death rate in Guangdong was higher than average lever.Chronic non-communicable diseases have become the main cause of death,and mainly jeopardized residents' health.It is high time to take comprehensive measures to curb the progressive tend.
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Abstract Background The aim was to identify specific manual occupations with high mortality and to examine whether there are differences in the role of alcohol in explaining the excess mortality among manual occupations with high all-cause mortality. Methods A register-based study of employees aged 30–64 years, followed for mortality 2001–15. Age standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated to compare the mortality rates of manual occupations. The contribution of alcohol-related mortality to excess mortality was obtained by comparing the excess mortality in all deaths and deaths not related to alcohol. Results Men had 31 and women 11 manual occupations with SMR statistically significantly over 120 compared with all employees. Mortality rates were highest among building construction labourers (SMR 180) among men and building caretakers (SMR 155) among women. With few exceptions, high mortality was a combination of high alcohol-related and high non-alcohol-related mortality. Among men, the contribution of alcohol-related mortality to the excess all-cause mortality compared with all employees was over 10% in half of the high-mortality occupations. The contribution was highest among welders and flame cutters (50%) and lowest among farmer’s locums (−50%). Among women the contribution was highest among building caretakers (15%). Conclusions High-mortality occupations had high mortality even without alcohol-related deaths. However, alcohol-related mortality was generally higher than mortality for other causes; therefore, alcohol-related mortality increased further the excess mortality. Diminishing the alcohol-related mortality would level excess mortality of these occupations but not eliminate it.
Excess mortality
Standardized mortality ratio
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Male and female mortality rates were studied in Rio de Janeiro in 1960 1970 and 1980 by analyzing the different risks to which men and women are subject by age group. Mortality differentials by sex and cause were studied by means of male/female mortality ratios relative and absolute differences among rates and standardized rates. Differentials by selected groups of causes for 1980 were analyzed. In 1960 for every 100000 persons 326 more men died than women; 295 more in 1970; and 260 more in 1980. However age-specific excess male mortality that was 48% more in 1960 increased to 55% in 1970 and in 1980 male mortality was 62% higher than the female rate. The highest rates occurred in the 25-64 age group in 1960; in the 15-64 age group in 1970; and the excess male mortality was the most pronounced in the 15-34 age group in 1980. In this group male mortality was 4.5 times higher than the female rate in 1980 which can be explained by a 9% increase of the rate of mortality from 254.99/100000 in 1970 to 278.61/100000 in 1980. In the 15-24 age group of men the risk of dying from external causes increased by 28% from 169.15/100000 in 1970 to 217.14/100000 in 1980. Furthermore the female mortality rate decreased in this age group by 33% from 40.24/100000 in 1970 to 27.11/100000 in 1980 which rendered the excess male mortality 2 times higher in 1980. Also in the 25-44 age group external causes constituted a unique conjunct whose excess male mortality increased from 5.48 in 1070 to 7.34 in 1980 via the increase of male rate and drop of the female rate. Mortality of both sexes by other causes decreased mainly tuberculosis and pneumonia. Male mortality from homicides was 14 times higher than the female rate. However the excess male mortality from acute myocardial infarction was only 2.11 higher than the female rate. Biological determinants and different risks for men and women should be considered for better understanding of deaths from other causes.
Excess mortality
Age groups
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of recent influenza epidemics on mortality in Japan.Methods: We applied a new definition of excess mortality associated with influenza epidemics and a new estimation method (new method) proposed in our previous paper to the national vital statistics for 1975-1999 (ICD8- ICD10 had been adopted) in Japan. This new method has the advantages of removing a source of random variations in excess mortality and of being applicable to shifting trends in mortality rates from different causes of death in response to the revision of ICD. The monthly rates of death from all causes other than accidents (all causes) and some cause-specific deaths such as pneumonia, malignant neoplasm, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease (C. V. D) and diabetes (D. M.) were analyzed by total and by five age groups: 0-4 years, 5-24 years, 25-44 years, 45-64 years, and 65 years old or older.Results: The following findings were noted:1. For each epidemic in every other year since 1993, large-scale excess mortality of over 10, 000 deaths was observed and the effect of those epidemics could be frequently detected in mortality even among young persons, i. e., 0-4 years or 5-25 years.2. Excess mortality associated with influenza epidemics influenced mortality by some chronic diseases such as pneumonia, heart disease, C. V. D., D. M., etc. For some epidemic years since 1978, excess mortality rates were detected even in mortality by malignant neoplasm.Conclusions: It has been definitely shown by applying the new method to the national vital statistics for 1975-1999 in Japan that influenza epidemics in recent years exerted an influence on overall mortality, increasing the number of deaths among the elderly and the younger generation. Monitoring of the trends in excess mortality associated with influenza epidemics should be continued.
Excess mortality
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Abstract Background Trauma is a major cause of death in young adults. The mortality rate is one of the key performance indices of trauma centers. Objective To demonstrate a mortality rate, cause of death, and cause of nonpreventable death in a level-1 trauma center in Thailand. Methods There was a retrospective study of the death cases from a trauma registry. The number of trauma deaths during the study period was collected to identify the death rate. The causes of death and a death analysis were obtained from the morbidity and mortality. Results The death rate was 6.6%. The most common cause of overall death was head injury, and exsanguination was the most common cause of death in the first 24 h. The preventable death rate was 2%, and the most common cause of preventable death was exsanguination. Conclusions The mortality rate of trauma patients in Thailand was not higher than that in other countries. The majority of deaths were caused from head injury. Therefore, improvement in injury prevention is needed to decrease the number of deaths.
Trauma Center
Major trauma
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a compelling cause of morbidity and mortality; however, it is underestimated and undertreated in Brazil. Using multiple causes of death data from the Information System on Mortality, we evaluated, from 2000 to 2019, national proportional mortality; trends in mortality rates stratified by age, sex, and macro-region; and causes of death and seasonal variation, considering COPD as an underlying and associated cause of death. COPD occurred in 1,132,968 deaths, corresponding to a proportional mortality of 5.0% (5.2% and 4.7% among men and women), 67.6% as the underlying, and 32.4% as an associated cause of death. The standardized mortality rate decreased by 25.8% from 2000 to 2019, and the underlying, associated, male and female, Southeast, South, and Center-West region deaths revealed decreasing standardized mortality trends. The mean age at death increased from 73.2 (±12.5) to 76.0 (±12.0) years of age. Respiratory diseases were the leading underlying causes, totaling 69.8%, with COPD itself reported for 67.6% of deaths, followed by circulatory diseases (15.8%) and neoplasms (6.24%). Respiratory failure, pneumonia, septicemia, and hypertensive diseases were the major associated causes of death. Significant seasonal variations, with the highest proportional COPD mortality during winter, occurred in the southeast, south, and center-west regions. This study discloses the need and value to accurately document epidemiologic trends related to COPD in Brazil, provided its burden on mortality in older age as a significant cause of death, aiming at effective planning of mortality prevention and control.
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Objective To investigate the effects of comprehensive intervention on population death rate. Methods To analyze population crude death rate, cause-specific death rate, and compare the death rate in intervention group with that of control.Results The average crude death rate in communities of Changsha was 617 79 per 100 000, with 557 27 per 100 000 of standarized death rate. Cerebrovascular disease, cardiocascular disease, tumour, disease of respiratory system injury and intoxication were from the first rank to the fifth in order the death causes. The death rate in intervention group was lower than that of control group significantly, and the death rate of cerebrovascular disease and cardiocascular disease in intervention group were lower than that of control significantly.Conclusions Cerebrovascular disease and cardiocascular disease are the major causes of death. Intervention on risks factors of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases can lower the death rate of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases and the population death rate.
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