Autoradiographic Studies of Human Lymphocytes Cultured in Vivo
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Human lymphocytes were cultured in diffusion chambers implanted into the peritoneal cavities of rats. In cultures treated with PHA, the pattern of morphologic transformation and initiation of DNA synthesis paralleled closely similar studies made in vitro. Immunologic stimulation of the human cells by the heterologous host was presumably minimal or absent since control cultures (without PHA) showed no significant degree of blastogenesis when compared with PHA-treated cultures. Minimum DNA synthesis time determined for the PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was 9–10 hr. Values found for the duration of Tc (16–18 hr) and minimum TG2 (2 hr) were shorter than those reported for similar studies in vitro. The in vivo culture method using Millipore chambers appears to offer a more physiologic method for studying lymphocytes.Keywords:
Heterologous
When cell division in barley roots is halted by treatment with aluminum, DNA synthesis continues. However, the type of DNA synthesized has an unusual base composition and is metabolically labile. A part of this labile DNA was found in the form of a hybrid composed of genetic DNA and labile DNA.
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The use of heterologous immunoassays containing antibodies raised against a different biological species for quantification of serum proteins is studied and discussed, taking as example the case of the use of a commercially available heterologous assay containing antibodies against human C-reactive protein (hCRP) for quantification of CRP in serum of dogs. This assay was adapted and validated for measurements of canine CRP (cCRP) and compared with three different homologous assays containing species-specific canine antibodies, which are currently commercially available for cCRP determination. Serum samples from healthy and diseased dogs (n = 44) were used. Analytical evaluation included precision, accuracy, limit of detection and lower limit of quantification for all assays. In the case of the heterologous assay also cross-reactivity of the antibody of the heterologous assay with cCRP was evaluated by a Western-Blot analysis giving a positive result. The heterologous assay showed similar results than the homologous assays in all the tests of the analytical evaluation that indicated that the assay was precise and accurate. Method comparison showed a high correlation between all assays (r≥0.9). The Bland-Altman test revealed that the heterologous assay showed a proportional error when compared with the homologous automated assays and a random error when compared with the point-of-care assay. All four CRP assays were able to detect higher CRP values in dogs with inflammatory conditions compared with healthy dogs. It is concluded that heterologous immunoassays could be used for quantification of serum proteins in different species, provided that the antibody has cross-reactivity with the protein to be measured and the assay give satisfactory results in the analytical validation tests. In addition, use of species-specific calibrators and an appropriate batch validation are recommended in these cases.
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Abstract Rabbits were immunized with dinitrophenylated proteins. Injections with heterologous proteins were given 11 to 25 days after the primary injection. Spleen cell suspensions from the immunized animals were exposed to either (a) the original antigen, (b) the carrier protein of the original antigen (c) the heterologous protein used for the second injection, and (d) the heterologous protein after it was dinitrophenylated. In all the experiments a significant increase in the anti‐dinitrophenyl response was obtained, whereas no such response was obtained with proteins (or their dinitrophenylated derivatives) to which the animals were not previously exposed. The results suggest that the anti‐hapten response can be significantly augmented by immunization with heterologous hapten‐devoid proteins.
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Dinitrophenyl
Antibody response
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Interaction of Interferon with Cells: limited Heterologous Reactivity of Chick and Mouse Interferons
SUMMARY The species specificity of chick and L cell interferons were studied with respect to uptake and activity in mouse and chick embryo cell cultures. Heterologous interferons conditioned cells for the rapid uptake and accelerated development of the antiviral state for homologous interferons. Heterologous interferons were neither taken up nor antiviral, regardless of whether the cells were conditioned with homologous or heterologous interferons.
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Heterologous expression
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The activity of ITFs prepared in 8 mammalian cell cultures and CAM culture was determined in homologous and heterologous systems. The data indicate that HEK ITF exhibits the greatest heterologous activity under the conditions of the test. Primary RK cells were the most sensitive for detection of heterologous ITF from mammalian source. Sensitivity of the assay method is increased greatly by maintaining a viral challenge of 30 or less TCID50. Under this condition, MK(Rh) ITF could be assayed in homologous as well as heterologous cells as could RK ITF. The production of ITF in HAE and PK cultures is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of production in cells not susceptible to influenza virus infection.
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Heterologous expression
HEK 293 cells
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Based on the production of a high specific antibody against ovine prolactin a heterologous prolactin RIA (self proposed method) is introduced. From this work both a homologous and a heterologous system have been developed and used for the PRL-RIA kit production. Substances necessary for setting up the kits, their investigations and applications are described. Statistical considerations about precision, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy show the validity of these heterologous PRL-systems.
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Summary Homologous and heterologous thyroglobulins were observed to have an in vivo behavior, following injection, very similar to that of homologous and heterologous serum proteins. Following injection, thyroglobulin equilibrated between the intra- and extravascular fluid spaces, and persisted in both the blood and lymph with elimination at an exponential rate. A consistent immune response was made to the injected heterologous thyroglobulin but not to the injected homologous thyroglobulin. As with serum proteins, the half-life of heterologous thyroglobulin was usually shorter than the homologous thyroglobulin and varied with the host animal. An acquired immunologic unresponsiveness was induced in rabbits by periodic injections of a heterologous bovine thyroglobulin starting on the day of birth. Thyroglobulin was found to be an excellent antigen for the study of various immunological mechanisms. In addition to the properties listed above, in small doses heterologous thyroglobulins induce a much greater antibody response than comparable heterologous serum proteins.
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Thyroglobulin
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The ability of adriamycin to inhibit Z-DNA formation induced by a high-salt environment was investigated. ADM inhibited this conversion, such that in poly (dG-dC) total inhibition was observed at 1 ADM : 9 base pairs and in eukaryotic DNA (calf thymus) at 1 ADM : 11,5 base pairs. Even at low ADM con= centration, 1 ADM : 160 base pairs, some inhibition was observed. At similar ADM:DNA concentrations, an inhibition in DNA synthesis in cells in culture was observed, which showed some parallel with the inhibition of Z-DNA formation. A model is proposed where Z-DNA formation precedes DNA synthesis and where inhibition of the former could explain the antineoplastic nature of adriamycin.
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methylotrophic 酵母 Pichia pastoris 由于它为有效蛋白质表示的唯一的特征 / 能力是为许多 heterologous 蛋白质的生产的一个高度成功的系统，并且巨大的努力被作了由 P 增加 heterologous 蛋白质生产率。最近的年里的 pastoris。当新设计酵母种类被构造并且准备为工业蛋白质生产使用时，进程控制和优化技术应该被使用在下列方面改进发酵性能：(1 ) 在生长阶段期间在 fermentor 增加 recombinant 房间集中到高密度；(2 ) 有效地由在正式就职阶段期间提高 / 稳定蛋白质的 titers 或集中导致 heterologous 蛋白质；(3 ) 减少操作由减轻工作花费大量热交换和氧供应。这篇文章由 P 在 heterologous 蛋白质生产考察并且讨论关键、通常使用的技术。pastoris 与发酵媒介和基本操作条件的优化的焦点，为完成 P 的高密度耕作喂策略的最佳的甘油的开发。由调整特定的生长的 pastoris 和有效 heterologous 蛋白质正式就职方法评价，甲醇集中，温度，多碳底层的混合比率，等等。为由 P 的 recombinant 蛋白质生产的新陈代谢的分析。pastoris 也被介绍解释非最优的 heterologous 蛋白质生产的机制并且探索进一步最佳的表示方法。
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Heterologous expression
Pichia
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