Evaluation of Conservation Tillage Effectiveness on Sugarbeet Fields in Northeastern Colorado
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Abstract Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of four tillage and crop residue management methods of seedbed preparation on continuous spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) receiving four rates of applied N. Effects of tillage and surface‐crop residues were separated by seedbed treatments of (a) conventional moldboard tillage, (b) conventional stubble mulch tillage, (c) moldboard tillage with part of the surface residue removed before and replaced after tillage, and (d) moldboard tillage with all surface residue removed before and replaced after tillage. Treatments were evaluated relative to grain yields, yield components, dry‐matter production, N uptake, soil nitrate content, soil temperature, plant water use and weed populations. for 3 of 4 years average grain yields (for all N rates) were 1,380, 1,060, 1,380, and 1,330 kg/ha for treatments a, b, c, and d, respectively. Yield reduction with stubble mulch tillage was related to poor weed control (primarily green foxtail) and not to the effects of surface residue per se . Use of fertilizer N failed to overcome yield reduction associated with stubble mulch tillage.
Seedbed
Plough
Minimum tillage
Crop Residue
Harrow
Conventional tillage
Mulch-till
Residue (chemistry)
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Summary Conservation Tillage Methods and Direct Seeding Increasing energy cost and erosion due to intensive soil tillage led to farmers and the scientists to find an alternative tillage systems. For this purpose, conservation tillage methods were developed. The objective of this method is to reduce the intensity of the tillage application while covering 30 % of the soil surface with residue. Conservation tillage consists of strip-tillage, plant-tillage, mulch-tillage, minimum tillage, and direct seeding. Secondary tillage tools could be used in direct seeding method for second fertilization, furrow opening, and ridging. One of the other application in direct seeding is zero tillage in which no tillage is made during the whole vegetation period of the plant. In this method, 40 % energy is saved.
Mulch-till
Strip-till
Minimum tillage
Conventional tillage
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Under conservation agriculture besides conservation tillage (no-tillage and minimum tillage, at least 30% of the previous crop residue on the soil are maintained under regular crop rotation. Experiment was conducted during Kharif and Rabi season at the research farm of Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh on soybean-wheat crop rotation. In this regards, the operation wise selection of different animal drawn implements under no tillage and minimum tillage practice were made and compared to traditional practice for soybean and wheat crop. The productivity of conventional tillage and minimum tillage was found at par for wheat crop. Conservation agriculture with no-tillage practice saved 20% in cost and 12% energy as compared to conventional tillage. Benefit of conservation agriculture requires to be ascertained by conducting a few more experiments trails for soybean crop.
Mulch-till
Kharif crop
Minimum tillage
Conservation Agriculture
Crop Rotation
Conventional tillage
Strip-till
Crop Residue
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This study was designed to determine whether tillage systems left in place for significant periods of time develop different weed profiles. No-tillage, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage were placed in a corn/soybean rotation that had been maintained and documented for 15 years. Notillage was the only corn tillage treatment that did not lead yields for at least one year of this three-year trial. No-tillage corn had significantly higher weed pressure from several species, and soybeans had significantly higher levels of giant foxtail with no-tillage. The study also compared ridge and reduced tillage yields and weed profile development; the third year of the study constituted the eighth year that those systems were in place. Ridge tillage soybeans had higher yields and significantly higher weed pressure for a number of species; no trends were detected for corn yields or weeds. Background tunity to observe a long-standing field demonTillage systems have long been used for seedstration of four systems: conventional tillage bed preparation as well as for insect, disease, (fall plowing), reduced tillage (discing), noand weed control. At the same time, reducing tillage, and ridge tillage. These systems were soil erosion is of great concern to growers and in place for eight years on the Russ Reed farm the government alike. Conservation tillage and for 15 years at the Southeast Iowa Conser reduces soil erosion by allowing crop residue vation Tillage Project on the Iowa Army Amto remain on the soil surface, increasing filtramunition Plant farm. (The project was begun tion, and reducing runoff. Less tillage also in 1980 to study the time, fuel, and economic means less destruction of weeds in the initial requirements of different tillage systems.) The stages of crop growth. Growers must weigh demonstrations addressed weed species and the benefits of less tillage against the need for populations as they developed over the years. different weed management strategies. The information was intended to help farmers plan weed control strategies using sustainable The 1985 and 1990 farm bills encouraged tillage systems to comply with the farm bills. several reduced tillage systems to be used as a way to protect soil from erosion by wind and water. The overall success of such approaches will depend greatly on growers' ability to manage weeds. Farmers practicing conserva tion tillage can benefit from an ability to predict the type of weed pressure and weed species that are likely to develop with the different tillage systems. In 1995, some 20,000 additional acres of notillage were implemented in Des Moines County on highly erodible land. Demonstra tions cosponsored by Southeastern Iowa Com munity College in Burlington were intended to help farmers bridge the gap between new tillage technology and weed control. Des Moines County farmers were given the opporCOMPETITIVE GRANT
Mulch-till
Plough
Strip-till
Minimum tillage
Crop Rotation
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Conservation and conventional tillage directly affects soil environment for crop production. Conservation tillage provides a layer of crop residue which increases soil fertility, soil erosion, leaching of fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides into the ground water. Studies conducted in different climate zones showed that no-tillage resulted in acidification of surface layer when continued for several years compared to conventional tillage. Some study shows Conservation tillage enhance water infiltration rate and reduce moisture evaporation from soil, while some other study stated slower water infiltration rate in no tillage soil then on tilled. surface tillage and no tillage instead of conventional tillage are to control soil erosion, enhance crop performance, and use energy more efficiently. Decomposition of crop residues kept on the soil surface possibly release allele-chemicals which further strengthen the inhibitory effects on weed seed germination and early growth and development of weed plant. As with impact of tillage on root distribution, no-tillage causes greater and deeper water accumulation in the soil profile and greater root growth. Higher labor, animal or equipment requirement is a major drawback of conventional tillage. Conservational tillage allows elimination of several operations, depending on the conservation tillage systems used. Observation of numerous studies reveals that zero-tillage is superior to conventional tillage resulting in higher yields. Similarly several studies reveals that crops grown under zero tillage have yields as similar as or better than those grown under conventional tillage.
Mulch-till
Minimum tillage
Conventional tillage
Strip-till
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The objective of this research was to determine the capacity of a soil tillage system in soil conservation, in productivity and in energy efficiency. The minimum tillage and no-tillage systems represent good alternatives to the conventional (plough) system of soil tillage, due to their conservation effects on soil and to the good production of crops (Maize, 96%-98% of conventional tillage for minimum tillage, and 99.8% of conventional tillage for no till; Soybeans, 103%-112% of conventional tillage for minimum tillage and 117% of conventional tillage for no till; Wheat, 93%-97% of conventional tillage for minimum tillage and 117% of conventional tillage for no till. The choice of the right soil tillage system for crops in rotation help reduce energy consumption, thus for maize: 97%-98% energy consumption of conventional tillage when using minimum tillage and 91% when using no-tillage; for soybeans: 98% energy consumption of conventional tillage when using minimum tillage and 93 when using no-tillage; for wheat: 97%-98% energy consumption of conventional tillage when using minimum tillage and 92% when using no-tillage. Energy efficiency is in relation to reductions in energy use, but also might include the efficiency and impact of the tillage system on the cultivated plant. For all crops in rotation, energy efficiency (energy produced from 1 MJ consumed) was the best in no-tillage — 10.44 MJ ha− 1 for maize, 6.49 MJ ha− 1 for soybean, and 5.66 MJ ha− 1 for wheat. An analysis of energy-efficiency in agricultural systems includes the energy consumed-energy produced-energy yield comparisons, but must be supplemented by soil energy efficiency, based on the conservative effect of the agricultural system. Only then will the agricultural system be sustainable, durable in agronomic, economic and ecological terms. The implementation of minimum and no-tillage soil systems has increased the organic matter content from 2% to 7.6% and water stable aggregate content from 5.6% to 9.6%, at 0–30 cm depth, as compared to the conventional system. Accumulated water supply was higher (with 12.4%-15%) for all minimum and no-tillage systems and increased bulk density values by 0.01%-0.03% (no significant difference) While the soil fertility and the wet aggregate stability have initially been low, the effect of conservation practices on the soil characteristics led to a positive impact on the water permeability in the soil. Availability of soil moisture during the crop growth period led to a better plant watering condition. Subsequent release of conserved soil water regulated the plant water condition and soil structure.
Minimum tillage
Mulch-till
Strip-till
Conventional tillage
Plough
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Synopsis Stubble‐mulch tillage compared to plowing, with and without nitrogen, on corn, oats and wheat during 2 years on 4 fields at Lincoln, Nebraska, produced plant tissue and grain of similar content of Ca, Mg, P and K. The N content of plant tissue produced by stubble‐mulch tillage tended to be lower than that produced by plowing in most cases; yields also tended to be lower with the former. Nitrogen fertilizer largely overcame this effect.
Plough
Nitrogen fertilizer
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During the early 1990s, declining cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yields plagued farmers in the TennesseeValley Region of North Alabama who tried to eliminate moldboard and/or chisel plowing from their conventional farmingsystems to meet conservation compliance programs. The severely reduced yields were possibly due to inadequate rootingsystems caused by excessive soil compaction. A study was conducted from 1995-1998 to investigate conservation tillagesystems which incorporated a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop to maintain surface cover and in-row tillage to disruptroot-impeding soil layers. Energy requirements for shallow tillage (0.18 m) and deep tillage (0.33 m) performed in theautumn and spring were also assessed. Factors investigated included time of tillage, depth of tillage, and use of a covercrop. A rye cover crop was found to be the largest single factor in increasing seed cotton yield, with positive results seenin three of four years. Of somewhat lesser importance, autumn tillage and shallow tillage increased seed cotton yield inthose years containing more typical growing seasons. The conservation tillage practice of shallow, autumn, in-rowsubsoiling in conjunction with a cover crop may offer the best alternative for farmers trying to reduce the negative effectsof soil compaction, maintain adequate residue cover, and improve seed cotton yield.
Mulch-till
Plough
Secale
Minimum tillage
Strip-till
Soil Compaction
Conventional tillage
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1.1 Concepts Of Soil Tillage in Agriculture 1.1.1 Conventional Tillage 1.1.2 Conservation Tillage 1.1.2.1 No-Tillage 1.1.2.2 Ridge-Tillage 1.1.2.3 Mulch-Tillage 1.1.2.4 Zone-Tillage and Strip-Tillage 1.1.2.5 Reduced-Tillage 1.1.2.6 Other Tillage Types 1.2 Machinery for Soil Cultivation 1.2.1 Stubble Cultivation 1.2.2 Soil Loosening 1.2.3 Loosening without Inversion 1.2.4 Seedbed Preparation 1.3 Soil Conservation Tillage Technique 1.3.1 Residue Management 1.3.1.1 Harrowing 1.3.1.2 Shredding 1.3.2 No-Tillage 1.3.2.1 No-Tillage Requirements 1.3.2.2 No-Tillage Equipment 1.3.2.3 Drills with Disk Openers 1.3.2.4 Double-Disk Drills 1.3.2.5 Single-Disk Drills 1.3.2.6 Triple-Disk Drills
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