Stubble‐Mulch Tillage Versus Plowing With Nitrogen Fertilization With Regard to Nutrient Uptake by Cereals1
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Synopsis Stubble‐mulch tillage compared to plowing, with and without nitrogen, on corn, oats and wheat during 2 years on 4 fields at Lincoln, Nebraska, produced plant tissue and grain of similar content of Ca, Mg, P and K. The N content of plant tissue produced by stubble‐mulch tillage tended to be lower than that produced by plowing in most cases; yields also tended to be lower with the former. Nitrogen fertilizer largely overcame this effect.Keywords:
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Nitrogen fertilizer
Tillage erosion measurements were conducted in Lower Austrias rolling farmland during the last three years at various slope gradients. Translocation of soil was measured by measuring the movement of aluminum tracers in response to single passes by two tillage implements (moldboard plough, chisel plough). Tillage depth and speed were kept as constant as possible but were varying up to 30 % due to tillage direction and changes in soil conditions. Linear regression equations expressing mean soil displacement as a function of slope gradients were developed and served to calculate tillage erosion coefficients (k - values). The k-value is defining the erosive capability of one tillage implement for one specific region and implies agrienvironmental conditions as well as tillage specific components. Resulting k-values were of the same magnitude for up/downward and contour tillage for each tillage implement but for chisel plough they were only 38 % of those for moldboard plough. The mean soil translocation of all experiments was 0.133 m upwards and 0.325 m downwards for moldboard plough and for chisel plough 0.137 m and 0.238 m, respectively.
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Tillage practices have changed rapidly in recent years to help reduce soil erosion associated with moldboard plowing. The effects of tillage practices on other management decisions in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production is unclear. This study was designed to investigate the relationships between tillage, row spacing, and planting date on soybean performance in a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean rotation at three locations and in a soybean-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation at one location. Tillage systems evaluated were fall moldboard plow, fall chisel plow, spring disk, ridge-till, till plant (no ridge), and no-till. Soybean was planted in 10- and 30-in. row spacings in early and late May from 1982 through 1985. Percent residue cover after planting ranged from 7 to 15% for moldboard plowing to 74 to 87% for the no-till system. With a few exceptions, little difference was observed in plant density among any of the tillage systems, although plants were slowest to emerge from the no-till system and fastest to emerge from the ridge-till system. Tillage did not consistently affect soybean yield and yield differences were small in most years. The early-planted soybean yield was equal to or higher than that planted later in all but one case. The yield advantage for 10-in. rows compared with 30-in. rows ranged from 8 to 14% when averaged over all tillage systems and both planting dates. Reduced tillage systems had less effect on soybean production than planting date or row spacing.
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Chisel
Mulch-till
Strip-till
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Analysls showed that 70% dust of sandstorm originated from cultivated land of surface uncovered and loose, the biggest root of producing was plough share tillage. So the plough share tillage should be changed, and conservation tillage technique be applied, the main content is nontillage with stubble and whole course straw covering. This is a fundamental measure of preventing and reducing the sandstorm.
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Mulch-till
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Several tillage methods were compared in different regions of Iran suchas: Isfahan(central), Shiraz (south west), Mashhad(North east) and Hamedan(west). InIsfahan (central), seven different tillage methods were compared during four years. InHamedan, four different tillage methods were studied for fall wheat within 3 years. InMashhad, four different tillage depths and four different moisture contents werecompared over 3 years. In Shiraz, seven different tillage methods on wheat yield werecompared in 4 years.
A national study on possibility to use surface tillage in irrigated wheat land comparedto conventional method using moldboard plow was conducted in six different regions(Shiraz, Mashhad, Eastern Azarbayjan, Karaj, Golestan, and Khuzistan) for five years.
Varied tillage methods have shown different yield but statistically was not significant.No till (direct drilling) and minimum tillage indicated significantly lower yield thereforecould not be recommended as a favorite system for wheat production. Chisel plowing(reduced tillage system) has shown promising performance and can be recommendeddue to higher field efficiency. Chisel plow (in spring) + disk + leveler in fall noted to be asubstitute for moldboard plows because of higher coefficient of harvest and fieldefficiency.
In terms of deep tillage, subsoiling to the depth of 35 cm plus moldboard plow hadthe highest yield and the effective treatment for reducing CI by 12.8 % and increasingyield by 3.8 %. The moldboard plowing (conventional method) had the lowest yield. Dueto high cost, energy consumption and statistically no significant difference betweentreatments, subsoiling for wheat production would not be recommended.
Maximum grain yield was obtained at 10 to 15 % moisture content and tillage depthof 10-15 cm (Mashhad). Optimum moisture content for tillage in Zarghan and Darabareas was 15 - 18 % and 13 -15 % respectively. However water irrigation methods mustbe study in detail in order to reduce water consumption.
Shallow tillage noted as a good substitute for moldboard plowing because of lowerenergy consumptions and time saving. The suitable moisture content for surface tillage(disking) is about 10-15 %. The effect of year was significant on different regions due torainfall variation, temperature differences, and soil nutrition changes over the years. Itwas proved that for shallow tillage, crop residue is the main problem which planter mustbe modified with a sharp furrow opener. It is also recommended after each three years ofsurface tillage a moldboard plow or deep tillage operations can be used for weed control.
A national study on possibility to use surface tillage in irrigated wheat land comparedto conventional method using moldboard plow was conducted in six different regions(Shiraz, Mashhad, Eastern Azarbayjan, Karaj, Golestan, and Khuzistan) for five years.
Varied tillage methods have shown different yield but statistically was not significant.No till (direct drilling) and minimum tillage indicated significantly lower yield thereforecould not be recommended as a favorite system for wheat production. Chisel plowing(reduced tillage system) has shown promising performance and can be recommendeddue to higher field efficiency. Chisel plow (in spring) + disk + leveler in fall noted to be asubstitute for moldboard plows because of higher coefficient of harvest and fieldefficiency.
In terms of deep tillage, subsoiling to the depth of 35 cm plus moldboard plow hadthe highest yield and the effective treatment for reducing CI by 12.8 % and increasingyield by 3.8 %. The moldboard plowing (conventional method) had the lowest yield. Dueto high cost, energy consumption and statistically no significant difference betweentreatments, subsoiling for wheat production would not be recommended.
Maximum grain yield was obtained at 10 to 15 % moisture content and tillage depthof 10-15 cm (Mashhad). Optimum moisture content for tillage in Zarghan and Darabareas was 15 - 18 % and 13 -15 % respectively. However water irrigation methods mustbe study in detail in order to reduce water consumption.
Shallow tillage noted as a good substitute for moldboard plowing because of lowerenergy consumptions and time saving. The suitable moisture content for surface tillage(disking) is about 10-15 %. The effect of year was significant on different regions due torainfall variation, temperature differences, and soil nutrition changes over the years. Itwas proved that for shallow tillage, crop residue is the main problem which planter mustbe modified with a sharp furrow opener. It is also recommended after each three years ofsurface tillage a moldboard plow or deep tillage operations can be used for weed control.
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Chisel
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In India near about 60% population is engaged in agriculture. Soil loosening is a primary method of cultivation before seeding. There are number of tillage tools used for primary cultivation i.e. cultivators, rotary tillers, moldboard plough and chisel plough, rotavators etc. During soil cultivation wear occurs due to interaction of tillage implement and soil particles, which in turn decreases tillage quality and increase draft forces and fuel consumption of tractor. Tool wear reduces farmer’s efficiency, costing millions of dollars per year to Nation’s economy. Knowledge of tillage depth and ploughing speed save the tillage time and improves tractor efficiency. In this study it is attempted to relate the influence of tillage depth and tractor speed on primary tillage tools.
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Tractor
Chisel
Mulch-till
Minimum tillage
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ABSTRACT EROSION from alternative tillage systems in winter wheat-fallow rotations was measured using a rainfall simulator. The Nebraska study, conducted at the High Plains Agricultural Laboratory, showed that during the fallow period between harvest and tillage, soil erosion was not affected by the tillage systems studied. However, erosion following tillage was different for the systems evaluated and moldboard plowing with the slope had the largest amount. The no-till system reduced erosion by about 95% during this period. Although contour plowing was effective in reducing erosion when compared to plowing with the slope, no differences were measured between with the slope and contour tillage for the no-till or stubble-mulch treatments.
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Mulch-till
Conventional tillage
Crop Rotation
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ABSTRACT: Several tillage and planting methods for soft red winter wheat production in the Appalachian Piedmont were tested on Cecil, Appling, and Pacolet soils. No-tillage was compared with moldboard plowing on three sites. In addition, disk tillage and chisel plowing were included on one site. Moldboard plowing consistently resulted in higher grain yields than no-tillage (3.22 t/ha following moldboard plowing versus 2.05 t/ha for no-tillage). The reduction in grain yields under no-tillage related to soil surface compaction. Bulk densities were greater for no-tillage to a depth of about 50 cm. Also, the soil tended to be wetter under no-tillage. The greater soil water content, coupled with greater soil density, resulted in poor aeration and greater impedance to root growth on the no-tillage plots.
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Mulch-till
Soil Compaction
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Strip-till
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The root system of maize tends to be shallower with plowing tillage than with rotary tilling in upland fields converted from paddy fields. Soil hardness and fertilizer distribution differ between plowing tillage and rotary tilling; thus, we investigated the maize root system at different growth stages with or without fertilizer application in both of these tillage methods. We evaluated the effect of soil hardness on the root system by comparing plowing tillage and rotary tilling in unfertilized plots, and the effect of fertilization by comparing responses to fertilizer application with plowing tillage and rotary tilling since the effects of tillage and fertilization cannot be separated in each tillage method. Root depth index (RDI), which indicates average root depth, was about 20% smaller with plowing tillage than with rotary tilling after the 7th leaf growth stage (V7) in unfertilized plots. Although RDI in fertilized plots was similar or slightly smaller than that in unfertilized plots, the interaction between fertilization and tillage was not significant, except at the tassel formation stage in 2016. Analysis of root distribution indicated that root length density at soil depths of 0–5 cm tended to be higher with plowing tillage than with rotary tilling after V7, but the effect of the interaction between fertilization and tillage was not significant. These results suggest that the root system of maize becomes shallower after V7 with plowing tillage than with rotary tilling mainly due to higher soil penetration resistance in upland fields converted from paddy fields.
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TILLING
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In order to improve black soil productivity in the Songliao Plain Cornbelt, a new tillage technology “deep plowing with mulching” was established. The effects of different tillage systems (deep plowing with mulching, subsoiling tillage and conventional tillage) on soil profile construction and aggregate stability were studied in this paper. The results showed that different tillage systems led to different patterns of soil profile construction; the deep plowing with mulching, subsoiling tillage and conventional tillage formed “flat type”, “undulated type” and “groove type” in the interface between plow layer and plow pan, respectively. Compared with subsoiling tillage and conventional tillage, deep plowing with mulching significantly increased the contents of macroaggregates, and decreased the aggregate deterioration rate in the plow layers. This work demonstrates that the new tillage technology could promote soil aggregate stability and contribute to soil structure improvement in the Songliao Plain Cornbelt, China.
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Mulch-till
Soil structure
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การศกษาผลของการไถพรวนทมตอปรมาณคารบอนทเกบสะสมในดนและผลผลตขาวโพดขาวโพดหวานลกผสม ในพนททมการทำเกษตรกรรม จงหวดลพบร ทระดบความลก 0 – 15.0 และ 15.0 – 30.0 ซม. ระยะเวลาตงแตเดอนพฤษภาคมกนยายน พ.ศ. 2558โดยใชรปแบบการไถพรวนทแตกตางกน 4 รปแบบ คอ 1) การไมไถพรวนดน (T1) 2) การไถแปรครงเดยว (ไถพลกดนดวยผานสามแลวตามดวยผานเจด; T2) 3) การพรวนซำ 1 ครง (ไถแปรแลวพรวน 1 ครง; T3) 4) การพรวนซำ 2 ครง (ไถแปรแลวพรวน 2 ครง; T4) ผลการศกษา พบวา ปรมาณคารบอนทเกบสะสมในดนทระดบความลก 15.0 – 30.0 ซม. ของการไมไถพรวน มคาสงสดเทากบ 3.86 ตน/ไร รองลงมา คอ การไถแปรครงเดยว การพรวนซำ 1 ครง และการพรวนซำ 2 ครง เทากบ 3.70 3.47 และ 3.14 ตน/ไร ตามลำดบ คาความหนาแนนรวมการไมไถพรวนทระดบความลก 15.0 – 30.0 ซม. มคาสงสดเทากบ 1.09 ก./ซม.3 สวนอนทรยวตถและปรมาณอนทรยคารบอนในดน การไมไถพรวนทระดบความลก 0 – 15.0 ซม. มคาสงสดเทากบ รอยละ 1.48 และรอยละ 0.860 สำหรบผลการศกษารปแบบการไถพรวนทมตอพช พบวา มวลชวภาพและปรมาณคารบอนในพชภายใตรปแบบการไถแปรครงเดยว มคาสงสดเทากบ รอยละ 29.2 และ 0.530 ตน/ไร ซงสามารถสรปไดวา ปฏสมพนธระหวางความลกของชนดนและรปแบบการไถพรวนสงผลตอมวลชวภาพของพชอยางมนยสำคญทางสถต (P < 0.05) โดยรปแบบการไถแปรครงเดยวเปนวธการทดทสด
คำสำคญ: การไถพรวน ปรมาณคารบอนทเกบสะสมในดน
A study on the effect of tillage on carbon sequestration in soil and corn yield, in areas there was a agriculture in Lopburi province. The experimental design employing 2 x 4 factorial arrangement in CRD model using a depth of 0 – 15.0 and 15.0 – 30.0 cm. and plowing four different formats at as follow; 1) no – tillage (T1), 2) plowing tillage (using 3 – disc followed by 7 – disc plough; T2), 3) plowing tillage and shoveling one times (using 3 – disc followed by 7 – disc plough and shoveling one times; T3), 4) plowing tillage and shoveling two times (using 3 – disc followed by 7 – disc plough and shoveling two times; T4). The results showed soil carbon stock to a depth of 15.0 – 30.0 cm. of a no – tillage with a maximum value of 3.86 tonnes/rai, the next was plowing tillage, plowing tillage and shoveling one times and plowing tillage and shoveling two times of 3.70 3.47 and 3.14 tonnes/rai, respectively. The bulk density of no – tillage to a depth of 15.0 -30.0 cm. with a maximum value of 1.09 g/cm3. Organic matter and organic carbon in soil under no – tillage to a depth of 0 – 15.0 cm., a maximum of 1.48 % and 086 %. For the influence of the from of tillage on crops that biomass and carbon in the plants of the plowing tillage, the most maximum was 29.2 % and 0.530 tonnes/rai. Which concluded that the interaction between the depth of the soil layer and format plowing affected to plant biomass with significant difference (P < 0.05). From this study, the format of plowing tillage was the best method.
Keywords: Tillage, Soil Carbon Stock
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