degenerationblood flow in age related macular Effect of systemic hypertension on foveolar
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Foveolar cell
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Diabetic macular edema
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To study the real-life outcomes of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment in patients affected by age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema in an Italian tertiary referral hospital over a 2-year follow-up.Patients with confirmed diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema and 2 years of follow-up were retrospectively analyzed. They underwent a loading dose of three monthly anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections, with re-treatment performed following a "pro-re-nata" regimen. Best-corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness were collected and statistically analyzed.In total, 167 diabetic macular edema eyes and 108 age-related macular degeneration eyes were included. Mean age was 63.4 ± 11.8 years for diabetic macular edema and 75.6 ± 8.4 years for age-related macular degeneration. For diabetic macular edema patients, mean number of injections was 5.0 ± 1.7 at 1 year and 2.8 ± 1.8 at 2 years. Mean best-corrected visual acuity improved from 60 Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters to 66.7 letters at 1 year, and to 70 letters at 2 years (p < 0.001). Mean central retinal thickness decreased from 459 ± 148 µm to 327 ± 163 µm and 261 ± 89 µm, respectively, at the first and the second year (p < 0.001).With respect to age-related macular degeneration patients, mean number of injections was 5.3 ± 2.2 at 1 year and 3.3 ± 1.5 at 2 years. Mean best-corrected visual acuity improved from 63 Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters to 68 letters at 1 year and to 70 letters at 2 years (p < 0.001). Mean central retinal thickness was 411 ± 146 µm, decreasing to 271 ± 93 µm at 1 year and 260 ± 68 µm at 2 years (p < 0.001).Our study described the 2-year real-life outcome of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment of diabetic macular edema and age-related macular degeneration.
Pro re nata
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Diabetic macular edema
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Mansor, N; Vasudevan, S; Annuar, F; Nawawi, H; Sulaiman, D; Yusoff, K Author Information
Degeneration (medical)
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Diabetic macular edema
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In Brief Purpose: To investigate the risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic macular edema with poor response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy with bevacizumab (Avastin). Methods: Age-related macular degeneration group was categorized into nonexudative, exudative, or poor response exudative. Diabetic macular edema group included patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and cystoid macular edema. Patients were categorized based on the number of intravitreal injections of bevacizumab received. Both groups were compared with age-matched controls. Patients completed a screening questionnaire to assess the risk for OSA, the main outcome measure. Results: Of 103 patients with AMD, 56 (54.37%) had nonexudative AMD and 47 (45.63%) had exudative AMD, of which 14 (29.79%) had poor response exudative AMD and were at a significantly higher risk of OSA (P < 0.05). Of 30 diabetic macular edema patients with cystoid macular edema, 4 (19%) received 1 injection, 18 (81.82%) received 2 or more consecutive injections, and 16 (72.73%) received 3 or more consecutive injections. Risk for OSA increased significantly with increasing number of injections (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Patients with exudative AMD and diabetic macular edema with poor response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy have a significantly higher risk of OSA compared with age-matched controls and should be screened to assess the risk of OSA. Patients who show poor response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema have a higher risk for obstructive sleep apnea compared with age-matched controls. Ophthalmologists should screen poor responders to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy to assess their risk for obstructive sleep apnea.
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Diabetic macular edema
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