Program of mushroom breeding. General presentation and actualization of the mushroom reproduction cycle (Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus burnettii)
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
Volvariella volvacea
Mushroom bodies
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The cultivation of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus, also known as button mushroom, requires the use of substrates for its cultivation, such as chicken and/or horse manure and the application of manufacturing steps, such as storage and composting that produce odours. The odours may cause disturbance to people living near the plant and may be a problem for workers. This article examines some measures that can be taken to reduce the odorous emissions during the production of Agaricus bisporus. The possibility of recovery of some organic matter left from the cultivation is examined. Finally, some occupational hazards for workers are highlighted.
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Agaricus bisporus was grown on defined liquid media with protein as sole source of carbon, nitrogen or sulphur and with these nutrients supplied in the form of glucose, ammonium or sulphate. Cultures were incubated at 25°C in the dark in static conditions. Mycelia were harvested at suitable intervals, biomass yields determined and culture filtrates tested for extracellular laccase activity. Constitutive laccase production was observed under all conditions tested. However, Agaricus laccase, though constitutive, was induced by protein and repressed by ammonium. No detectable extracellular laccase activity was found in similarly tested cultures of Coprinus cinereus or Volvariella volvacea.
Agaricus bisporus
Volvariella volvacea
Agaricus
Coprinus
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
Volvariella volvacea
Mushroom bodies
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Agaricus bisporus is an edible basidiomycete cultivated industrially for food production. Different spawn and mushroom producers use genetically related A. bisporus strains frequently marketed as different products. In this paper we show that the use of suitable molecular markers reveals the high level of genetic homology of commercial strains of A. bisporus, and allows, at the same time, to distinguish between them. In the course of this work, a molecular marker potentially linked to the agronomic character 'mushroom weight' has been identified by bulked segregant analysis.
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Agaricus
Agaricales
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Agaricus bisporus was grown on defined liquid media with protein as sole source of carbon, nitrogen or sulphur and with these nutrients supplied in the form of glucose, ammonium or sulphate. Cultures were incubated at 25°C in the dark in static conditions. Mycelia were harvested at suitable intervals, biomass yields determined and culture filtrates tested for extracellular laccase activity. Constitutive laccase production was observed under all conditions tested. However, Agaricus laccase, though constitutive, was induced by protein and repressed by ammonium. No detectable extracellular laccase activity was found in similarly tested cultures of Coprinus cinereus or Volvariella volvacea.
Agaricus bisporus
Volvariella volvacea
Agaricus
Coprinus
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of UV-B on vitamin D2 concentration in shiitake mushrooms and in white button mushrooms. After the exposure to UV-B, at a dose of 25 kJ/m2, the concentration of vitamin D2 was increased to 36.7 ± 1.4, 68.6 ± 4.9, and 106.4 ± 14.7 µg/g (dry weight) for pileus, middle, and gill parts of shiitake mushroom, respectively. The gill side of whole shiitake mushrooms exposed to 0, 25, 50, and 75 kJ/m2 increased to 2.8 ± 0.2, 13.8 ± 1.9, 40.7 ± 4.4, and 61.9 ± 10.6 µg/g (dry weight) at 25 °C, respectively. Irradiating slices of white button mushroom was a more efficient way of increasing the vitamin D2 content than irradiating the gill or pileus of whole mushrooms, due to the larger exposure area. As the irradiation doses increased, the vitamin D2 concentration also increased for both types of mushrooms. In conclusion, exposure to ultraviolet light offers an effective way of increasing the concentration of vitamin D2 in mushrooms.
Agaricus bisporus
Lentinus
Agaricus
Volvariella volvacea
Edible mushroom
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
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Agaricus bisporus was grown on defined liquid media with protein as sole source of carbon, nitrogen or sulphur and with these nutrients supplied in the form of glucose, ammonium or sulphate. Cultures were incubated at 25°C in the dark in static conditions. Mycelia were harvested at suitable intervals, biomass yields determined and culture filtrates tested for extracellular laccase activity. Constitutive laccase production was observed under all conditions tested. However, Agaricus laccase, though constitutive, was induced by protein and repressed by ammonium. No detectable extracellular laccase activity was found in similarly tested cultures of Coprinus cinereus or Volvariella volvacea.
Agaricus bisporus
Volvariella volvacea
Agaricus
Coprinus
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Mushrooms have been used by humans for millennia.The commonly cultivated mushrooms include Agaricus, Lentinus, Flammulina, Pleurotusand Volvariella.In India, Button mushroom (Agaricusbisporus)is the most commonly cultivated mushroom followed by Pleurotus (Shah et al., 2013).Mushrooms are mainly subjected to bacterial, fungal and viral diseases.The production of fruiting bodies is severely afflicted by fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens that can cause diseases which have an effect on yield and quality (Potocnik et al., 2008).Improper pasteurization of compost and casing soil can be the major source of diseases.Once the disease is introduced in the farm it can be carried out by the different agencies like air, water, machines and workers (Munshi et al., 2010).Fungal diseases commonly occurring in white button mushrooms include dry bubble (Verticillium spp.), cobweb (Cladobotryumspp.),green mould in compost (Trichoderma harzianum) and green mould on casing (Trichoderma viride).Over the past two decades, green mould caused by T. aggressivum has been the most serious disease of button mushroom.Among bacterial diseases, bacterial blotch (Pseudomonas tolaasii) is most common disease of white button mushrooms.Dieback is the most commonly occurring viral disease which is caused by various virus strains (Gupta et al., 2018).These diseases are a major threat to the mushroom industries worth millions as the losses due to these diseases may go up to 100%.Depending upon the stage and severity of the infection, quality of compost and the prevailing environmental conditions, these diseases often cause complete crop failure (Munshi et al., 2010).Considerable losses in cultivation process occur due to lower productivity, decrease in quality and shortened shelf-life.Moreover, mushroom cultivation with its rapidity of cropping makes a suitable environment for augmentation of pathogen inoculum and thus makes its control more difficult (Todorovic et al., 2012).
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Agaricus
Mushroom poisoning
White (mutation)
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The biomass of 18 strains of Agaricus subrufescens and of 13 strains of Agaricus bisporus was chemically analyzed using solid-state (13)C NMR. The study focused on polysaccharides because they can play a major role as antitumor molecules. The study also examined whether biomass chemical properties varied between the vegetative mycelium and the fruiting bodies of A. subrufescens, and these data were compared with the mycelium of A. bisporus. Qualitative differences between vegetative mycelia and fruiting bodies were observed, whereas quantitative differences were measured between the two species with a higher percentage of polysaccharides in the biomass of A. subrufescens. This Agaricus species is thus an interesting potential source of polysaccharides with medicinal properties, both from vegetative mycelium obtained in liquid cultures and from fruiting bodies produced on composts.
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
Edible mushroom
Agaricales
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