The Influence of Diet on the Nitrogen Balances of Pre-School Children
12
Citation
18
Reference
10
Related Paper
Keywords:
Nitrogen balance
Coefficient of variation
Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) have recently been reported to play a role in human gut health during early life. However, little information is available on the fecal BCFA profiles in young ruminants and whether they are associated with the development of neonatal calf diarrhea. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize BCFA profiles in feces collected from young calves, (2) compare the fecal BCFA composition between diarrheic and nondiarrheic dairy calves, and (3) explore the potential relationships between BCFA and microbiota in the feces. A total of 32 male Holstein dairy calves (13 ± 3 d old) with the same diet management were grouped as diarrheic (n = 16) or healthy (n = 16) based on fecal score (determined by liquid fecal consistency with some solid particles); diarrhea cases were defined as fecal score ≥2 for at least 2 d. Fecal samples were collected on the seventh day after calf arrival, and the fecal BCFA and microbial profiles were assessed using gas chromatograph and amplicon sequencing, respectively. In total, 7 BCFA were detected in the feces of all dairy calves; however, the concentrations of fecal BCFA differed between diarrheic and nondiarrheic calves. Specifically, the concentrations of iso-C16:0, iso-C17:0, anteiso-C17:0, and total even-chain BCFA were significantly higher in the feces of diarrheic calves. When the associations between BCFA and bacteria were studied, the relative abundance of Eggerthella was positively correlated with the concentrations of iso-C16:0 (ρ = 0.67), iso-17:0 (ρ = 0.77), anteiso-C17:0 (ρ = 0.73), and iso-C18:0 (ρ = 0.65), whereas the relative abundance of Subdoligranulum was positively correlated with the concentrations of iso-C14:0 (ρ = 0.62), iso-C15:0 (ρ = 0.78), and anteiso-C15:0 (ρ = 0.63). Use of random forest algorithm showed that BCFA such as anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, iso-C17:0, iso-C18:0, and total even-chain BCFA could be used as biomarkers to differentiate diarrheic calves from healthy ones. Our findings generated fundamental knowledge on the potential roles of BCFA in neonatal calf gut health. Follow-up studies with larger animal populations are warranted to validate the feasibility of using BCFA as indicators of health status in neonatal calves.
Cite
Citations (25)
Human feces
Cite
Citations (12)
Cite
Citations (77)
Cite
Citations (18)
Net acid excretion
Chinese mitten crab
Cite
Citations (0)
The rabbit is a representative animal species that conducts coprophagy, i. e. the production and reingestion of soft feces. We, however, encountered a maternal rabbit eating its own hard feces. A detailed investigation was performed on coprophagy in the rabbit to elucidate whether rabbits actually reingest their own hard feces. It was found that young adult Japanese White rabbits reingested their hard, as well as soft, feces directly from the anus. It has been reported that rabbits reingest only soft feces because of their high nutritive content, but the present study demonstrates that rabbits also reingest their hard feces despite their low nutritive content. It seems possible that coprophagy may be initiated by the colonic or rectal wall expanding effects of the fecal material itself.
Anus
Cite
Citations (15)
SUMMARY The results obtained for dry matter and energy digestibility with 116 different rations fed to 242 non-pregnant dry cows and 96 laotating cows were studied. With winter rations, dry-matter digestibility ( Y ) is linearly related to dry-matter intake ( X 1 ) and to the crude fibre content of the dry matter ( X 2 ): Y = 89·58–0·557 X 1 –0·863 X 2 . A similar equation was obtained for energy digestibility ( Y ): Y = 90·68–0·195 X 1 –0·892 X 2 , where X 1 represents the energy intake (in 1000 kcal) and X 2 the crude-fibre content. Digestible dry matter or energy can be estimated very accurately from dry matter or energy intake and from crude-fibre content. There is a highly significant linear relation between dry matter or energy digestibility and nitrogen concentration of the faeces, especially with grass. Dry-matter digestibility is also influenced by the physical form of the feeds and by individual factors.
Cite
Citations (7)
Cite
Citations (189)
To study the feeding behavior of the guinea pigs, in terms of food consumption, con- sumption of cecotrophs and excretion of hard feces, was the objective of this study. For this purpose, 16 adult male type A1 guinea pigs were used, which were individually housed and fed a commercial pelleted diet. For 24 hours and with a frequency of approximately one hour, the rhythms of food consumption, excretion of faeces and excretion of cecotrophs were recorded. I record the data in three moments. At the time, only the consumption of food and the excretion of feces were measured. At time two and three, half of the ani- mals were given an Elizabethan collar to prevent them from cecrophilia. For the analysis of the results, a mixed model of repeated measures was used. In which the main effects were the treatment, the time and their interaction and the random effect was the animal nested to the treatment. The means were compared using a protected t-test. At time 1, for food consumption and stool excretion, no differences were detected between day and night (P ≥ 0,44). At time 2, avoid cecotrophy, reduced feed intake and excretion of feces at ap- proximately 50 % (P ≤ 0,05). While between day and night no differences were detected for the consumption of food, excretion of faeces and excretion of cecotrophs (P ≥ 0,08). No differences were detected between the time of day and allow cecotrophy (P ≥ 0,44). Additionally, it was observed that the animals that did not have the collar did not excrete cecotrophs. It is analysis of the food consumption rhythms showed peaks of food consum- ption at 12:00, 15:00 and 18:00 (P < 0, 001). On the other hand, the excretion of feces was reduced in the first hours of the morning, but after 15:00 the excretion of feces increases (P < 0,001). In the animals with Elizabethan collar, no differences were detected in the rates of excretion of cecotrophs (P = 0,241). In conclusion during the 24 hours peaks of food consumption are observed that shows a rhythm of food consumption and possibly in
the morning the animal spends time to consume cecotrofos.
Key words: nutritional behavior, cecotrophy, cecotropes
Cavia
Cite
Citations (0)