Protoporphyrin and heme formation by erythrocytes from the x-irradiated and bled duck
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Frequent bleeding of the adult, male duck was followed by increase in protoheme and free protoporphyrin formation by erythrocytes in vitro. X-irradiation of the animal with 800 or 1,200 r was followed by decrease in heme formation but not in free porphyrin production. Heme formation was not limited by the natural supply of porphyrin precursors and iron in blood and appears to be controlled by the uptake of iron by the cells. Free porphyrin production does not appear to be regulated by heme formation.Keywords:
Protoporphyrin IX
Hemeprotein
The characterization of porphyrias as disorders of heme biosynthesis leading to hepatic heme deficiency and raised formation and secretion of heme precursors laid the basis for heme treatment. Although mild attacks sometimes respond to glucose administration, severe attacks or symptoms that are likely to progress should be treated with heme. The heme compounds used in treatment are hematin and heme arginate. In our opinion, heme arginate is preferable to hematin in the treatment of acute porphyrias because of its better stability, fewer side effects, and better documentation of its benefits.
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Daniel, John W. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), Jacqueline Kelley, and Harold P. Rusch. Hematin-requiring plasmodial myxomycete. J. Bacteriol. 84:1104–1110. 1962.—The myxomycete Physarum polycephalum, previously shown to require chick embryo extract for growth on a partially defined, soluble medium, grows as well if hematin or certain hemoproteins are substituted for the embryo extract. Hematin is also required as a growth factor if the organism is grown on a synthetic medium. Of the variety of porphyrins tested only iron protoporphyrin IX is utilized for growth by P. polycephalum. Protoporphyrin IX is inactive. Protein-bound iron porphyrin is active at one-tenth the concentration of free hematin. Although hematin completely replaces embryo extract, the extract activity has properties not characteristic of hematin or the hemoproteins tested: ladility to light and rapid plasmodial uptake.
Protoporphyrin IX
Hemeprotein
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The effectiveness of hematin and protoporphyrin IX as photosensitizers in singlet oxygen(1O2)generation was determined and at the same time the influence of different light wavelength on them was studied. The results revealed protoporphyrin IX showed stronger photosensitizing activity than hematin in singlet oxygen generation. The light intensity above 430lux activated protoporphyrin IX and the light intensity above 630lux activated hematin in accelerating lipid oxidation. And the stronger the intensity, the stronger the activated function.
Protoporphyrin IX
Light intensity
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We demonstrate a new strategy for the construction of supramolecular hemoprotein assemblies. A synthetic heme was selectively introduced onto the surface Cys residue of the cytochrome b562 single mutant (H63C) through a thioether bond. After removal of the native heme of the H63C mutant by acid denaturation followed by neutralization, the externally attached heme on the apoprotein surface was inserted into the vacant heme pocket of the other apoprotein. Therefore, the interprotein heme−heme pocket interaction produces a unique submicrometer-sized linear hemoprotein fiber, determined by size exclusion chromatography and atomic force microscopy. This methodology should be widely applicable to the creation of new nanobiomaterials based on a functional hemoprotein.
Hemeprotein
Thioether
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Abstract Supramolecular hemoprotein assemblies via hemeheme pocket interaction were prepared by synthetic heme dimers containing a linker with charged amino acids and apohemoprotein disulfide dimers. The mixture of the negatively charged heme dimer and the apomyoglobin dimer provides heterotropic fibrous hemoprotein assemblies, which were characterized by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
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Linker
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In this article I shall discuss the usefulness of the long-wavelength ultraviolet light emitted by the Wood's light in the diagnosis of several forms of porphyria. The porphyrias are a group of disorders due to abnormalities in the production of the protoporphyrin part of the heme molecule ( heme = protoporphyrin + iron). In all forms of the disease, excessive amounts of one or more of the various precursors of protoporphyrin or of protoporphyrin itself are produced. In acute intermittent porphyria, which is characterized by neurological complaints, the earliest precursors ( δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen) are excreted in the urine. These compounds have not yet become porphyrins and do not fluoresce. The patients are not sensitive to sunlight. All other forms of porphyria are characterized by sun sensitivity and the presence of porphyrin compounds in serum and tissues in elevated amounts. Porphyrins absorb long-wavelength ultraviolet light (4,000 Angstrom) and emit light of a longer
Porphobilinogen
Protoporphyrin IX
Ultraviolet light
Photosensitivity
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Objective To investigate the changes in levels of blood and tissue protoporphyrin IX in Sprague Dawley rats with colorectal carcinoma and normal Sprague Dawley rats.Methods Seventy Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups:experimental group ( n = 60) and control group ( n = 10). In experimental group,DMH (25 mg per kg) was injected into rat abdominal cavity once a week for 18 weeks.In control group,rats were not treated by DMH.At 20th week blood protoporphyrin IX in two groups and tissue protoporphyrin IX in experimental group were examined by fluorospectrophotometer.Results Blood protoporphyrin IX in experimental group and control group was (2.224± 0.323) mg/L, (1.663± 0.092) mg/L respectively.Blood protoporphyrin IX in experimental group was higher than that in control group ( P 0.01). Blood protoporphyrin IX/Hb in experimental group and control group was (25.908± 12.540) μg/g and 10.609± 0.929 μg/g respectively.Blood protoporphyrin IX/Hb in experimental group was higher than that in control group ( P 0.05). Protoporphyrin IX in normal tissue,early stage colorectal carcinoma and advanced colorectal carcinoma was (317.099± 16.859) ng/g, (416.814± 6.786) ng/g and (606.874± 21.798) ng/g respectively.The protoporphyrin IX in advanced colorectal carcinoma was higher than that in normal tissue,early stage colorectal carcinoma ( P 0.01). The protoporphyrin IX in early stage colorectal carcinoma was higher than that in normal tissue ( P 0.01). Conclusion Blood and tissue protoporphyrin IX levels are increased in colorectal carcinoma.Blood protoporphyrin IX may be used as a factor to screen colorectal carcinoma.
Protoporphyrin IX
Abdominal cavity
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Frequent bleeding of the adult, male duck was followed by increase in protoheme and free protoporphyrin formation by erythrocytes in vitro. X-irradiation of the animal with 800 or 1,200 r was followed by decrease in heme formation but not in free porphyrin production. Heme formation was not limited by the natural supply of porphyrin precursors and iron in blood and appears to be controlled by the uptake of iron by the cells. Free porphyrin production does not appear to be regulated by heme formation.
Protoporphyrin IX
Hemeprotein
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Hemeprotein
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Porphyrins have long been recognized as being involved in light-induced tissue damage. Fischer (1) was probably the first to describe their role in photohemolysis. Other early studies were carried out by Günther (2) and by Kammerer and Weisbecker (3) who varied several parameters as well as comparing the effectiveness of more than one porphyrin. Later Cook and Blum (4) found that the photohemolysis of normal red cells required oxygen and suggested that the hemolysis was attributable to their protoporphyrin content. Interest in this phenomenon was revived when Harber et al. (5) noted the unusual susceptibility to photohemolysis of erythrocytes from patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. This is a recently recognized disease of porphyrin metabolism in which there is an abnormal skin sensitivity to sunlight and greatly increased levels of protoporphyrin in erythrocytes and feces. Subsequent investigations led Fleischer et al. (6) to conclude that the photohemolysis of these protoporphyrin-containing cells involves membrane damage, then increased permeability, and finally colloid osmotic lysis. The occurrence of skin symptoms in certain other types of porphyria, as well as a high erythrocyte porphyrin concentration in one, posed the question of possible photohemolysis in these other diseases of porphyrin metabolism. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken as a possible aid in understanding the photohemolytic process. Compared are the behavior toward irradiation of normal erythrocytes and those from patients with four different types of porphyria that are characterized by cutaneous manifestations: erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), South African porphyria (porphyria variegata), and porphyria cutanea tarda. Also compared are the photohemolytic properties of uro-, copro-, and protoporphyrins when added to erythrocytes. Methods. Erythrocytes from citrated or heparinized human blood were washed three times with 0.9% sodium chloride, then routinely suspended in Hanks' solution at a dilution of 1:2000.
Erythropoietic protoporphyria
Photosensitivity
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