A seroepidemiological survey in the Gezira, Sudan, with special reference to arboviruses.
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Abstract:
A serological survey in the Gezira area of the Sudan confirmed that malaria and schistosomiasis were highly endemic. Of other parasitic infections amoebiasis was common but Toxoplasma was less than found in a previous survey. Poliomyelitis and measles infection were universal and there was an extremely high incidence of infection with hepatitis B. Of arboviruses infection with flaviviruses was frequent and more than with alphaviruses.Keywords:
Amoebiasis
Toxoplasmosis
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Background: Epidemics of febrile illnesses are often associated with rainy seasons in the tropics. During 2007–2008 an epidemic of dengue was identified in Jamaica based on serological testing of sera.Methods: A subset of 3165 of 5400 sera submitted for dengue analysis was tested for Leptospira IgM and malaria IgG using ELISA to determine their role in causing epidemic fever.Findings: Seropositivity for dengue, leptospirosis, and malaria were 38·4 and 6·0 and 6·5%, respectively, indicative of three concurrent epidemics. Mixed exposure to all three diseases was rare (0·1%), as were mixed dengue/malaria (2·4%); dengue/leptospirosis (1·6%), and leptospirosis/malaria (0·03%) exposure. Exposure to dengue and malaria appeared to occur most frequently among children while leptospirosis was more common among adults.Conclusion: While serological diagnosis definitively established that dengue was the main cause of the epidemic febrile illness, the data suggested that there may be other causes of fever, which may occur simultaneously. Consequently, leptospirosis and malaria should be considered as causes of fever during epidemics of dengue in endemic areas.
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Toxoplasmosis
Immunoglobulin M
Chronic infection
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A review of some applications of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of parasitic infections is presented. Examples are given of applications with trichinellosis, hydatidosis, schistosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, african trypanosomiasis and amoebiasis. ELISA is believed to be a valuable addition to existing serological tools, especially due to its sensitivity and ease of performance.
Toxoplasmosis
Amoebiasis
Chagas Disease
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A serological survey in the Gezira area of the Sudan confirmed that malaria and schistosomiasis were highly endemic. Of other parasitic infections amoebiasis was common but Toxoplasma was less than found in a previous survey. Poliomyelitis and measles infection were universal and there was an extremely high incidence of infection with hepatitis B. Of arboviruses infection with flaviviruses was frequent and more than with alphaviruses.
Amoebiasis
Toxoplasmosis
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The available serological assays for the diagnosis of acute dengue virus infection, differentiation of primary and later infections, and their appropriate application depending on the setting, dengue clinical syndromes and diagnostic criteria are described. Immunoblot, also known as dot blot assays are relatively simple and rapid assays for the detection of dengue virus IgM or IgG antibodies.
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Flavivirus
Cross-reactivity
Tick-borne encephalitis
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To find out the frequency of co-existence of malaria and dengue fever in patients presenting with acute febrile illness.The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Military Hospital Rawalpindi from June to November 2012. A total of 500 patients with complaint of acute febrile illness were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Preliminary data was collected on a pretested proforma. Blood samples of patients were tested for dengue serology and malaria parasite. Results were entered in respective proforma. Co-existence was considered present when a patient had both dengue serology and malaria parasite slide positive. SPSS 20 v was used for data analysis.Of the total, 349 (69.8%) were males and 151 (30.2%) females. Dengue serology was positive in 16 (3.2%); 81(16.2%) had malaria parasite slide positive; 403 (80.4%) had none of the two findings. Co-existence of both dengue and malaria was nil among the whole sample. In males, 67 (13.4%) had malaria, while 11 (2.2%) had dengue. In females, 14 (2.8%) had malaria, while 5 (1%) suffered from dengue fever.Co-existence of dengue and malaria was zero per cent in 500 patients visiting Military Hospital Rawalpindi. More studies shall be conducted to find out whether the reason of having zero per cent co-existence is that dengue or/and malaria epidemic did not occur in 2012 or whether there are some other factors involved.
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Dengue fever is probably the most important arthropod-borne viral infection worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates an incidence of 100 million cases per year. Dengue fever is of clinical importance mainly in tropical and subtropical zones, but the increasing number of travellers visiting these endemic areas means that physicians in temperate zones will meet this tropical infectious disease more frequently. To estimate the frequency of dengue fever in Switzerland, we retrospectively analyzed a cohort of patients in whom clinicians wished to rule out a case of malaria on the assumption that some of these patients may have been exposed to dengue virus while travelling in tropical and subtropical areas. Dengue was diagnosed by serology on contemporary stored serum samples with a commercially available assay that has been evaluated before. During the study period (1.1.93 to 1.7.94) a malaria diagnosis was requested by the physicians in our center in 87 cases and malaria was diagnosed in 10 (11.5%). In 38 of these 87 cases a stored serum sample was available for dengue serology. All of these patients had visited an area where not only malaria but dengue virus was endemic. In 7 of these 38 cases (18%) malaria was diagnosed. In 3 patients (8%) the dengue serology (IgM and IgG) was indicative of acute dengue fever. All 3 cases had clinical findings compatible with the disease. In 4 more patients (10%) anti-dengue IgG antibodies were found. All of these 4 patients had previous exposure to dengue virus but no acute clinical illness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Tropical Medicine
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Flaviviruses are significant causes of disease worldwide and can be classified serologically into several antigenic complexes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a generic RT-nested-PCR for detection of flavivirus during a dengue outbreak in Brazil in 2008. A total of 105 serum samples were collected from patients with fatal outcome and examined by generic RT-PCR, conventional RT-PCR, and IgM serology. The generic RT-PCR confirmed 19 of 105 (18%) cases. Conventional RT-PCR performed on 105 serum samples detected 45 (42.8%) dengue virus infections. The IgM serology confirmed 44 of 102 (43.1%) cases. The infecting serotype was identified by generic RT-PCR in 19 cases (18 DENV-2 and 1 DENV-3) and by conventional RT-PCR in 45 cases (40 DENV-2 and 5 DENV-3). In addition, we analyzed the performance of the generic and conventional RT-PCRs and IgM serology on serum samples stratified by the day of onset of symptoms. Our results indicate that different methods should be included in flavivirus surveillance programs, including virological and serological approaches.
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