Carotenoid profile and retention in yellow-, purple- and red-fleshed potatoes after thermal processing
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Neoxanthin
Violaxanthin
Antheraxanthin
Violaxanthin
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ABSTRACT: As increasing evidence supports the role of lutein and zeaxanthin in reducing the risk of cataract and macular degeneration, food sources of these carotenoids are being sought. In the present study, the lutein content of the edible flowers and leaves of Tropaeolum majus L. was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDAD), complemented by HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) for identification. Chemical reactions were also used as identifying parameters. The yellow and brownish orange flowers had 450 ± 60 μg/g and 350 ± 50 μg/g lutein, respectively. Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin, zeinoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene were also detected at very low levels. The leaves had 136 ± 18 μg/g lutein, 69 ± 7 μg/g β-carotene, 74 ± 23 μg/g violaxanthin, and 48 ± 13 μg/g neoxanthin. Lutein was partly esterified in the flowers and unesterified in the leaves. The flowers of T. majus are therefore excellent food sources of lutein and the leaves good sources of both lutein and the provitamin A β-carotene.
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THE xanthophylls from dehydrated alfalfa meal as measured by the new Western Regional Research Laboratory (W.R.R.L.) analytical procedure include lutein, zeazanthin, cryptoxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, carotenoid oxidation products, and various cis isomers of these (Kohler et al., 1967). Lutein, zeaxanthin, and cryptoxanthin have been reported to be good skin pigmenters while indications are the polyoxycarotenoids are relatively poor skin pigmenters (Quackenbush et al., 1965; Kuzmicky et al., 1968). Violaxanthin has been reported to be ineffective as a yolk pigmenter (Marusich et al., 1960). However, the effectiveness of violaxanthin and neoxanthin as skin pigmenters has not been established. This study was undertaken to determine the relative skin pigmentation potency (R.S.P.P.) of pure all-trans neoxanthin and all-trans violaxanthin relative to pure all-trans lutein. GENERAL PROCEDURE1 For the two experiments conducted in this study, day-old Cornish-White Rock type cross-bred cockerels (Kimber) were depleted of pigment on a 22% protein soy-starch ration (Table 1) for…
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The identification and quantitation of major carotenoids in juices of Ponkan mandarin and Liucheng orange and their changes during harvesting were studied. Neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene are the major carotenoids for Ponkan mandarin. During the harvesting period, the contents of violaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene increase significantly. For Liucheng orange, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, antheraxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene are the major carotenoids. Among them, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, antheraxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin increase significantly during the harvesting period. The β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene are the major contributors to the color of Ponkan mandarin juice while neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein and antheraxanthin are the major ones for the color of Liucheng orange juice.
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The carotenoid pattern of four yellow- and four white-fleshed potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.), common on the German market, was investigated using HPLC and LC(APCI)-MS for identification and quantification of carotenoids. In each case, the carotenoid pattern was dominated by violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin, which were present in different ratios, whereas neoxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, and beta,beta-carotene generally are only minor constituents. In contrast to literature data, antheraxanthin was found to be the only carotenoid epoxide present in native extracts. The total concentration of the four main carotenoids reached 175 microg/100 g, whereas the sum of carotenoid esters accounted for 41-131 microg/100 g. Therefore, carotenoid esters are regarded as quantitatively significant compounds in potatoes. For LC(APCI)-MS analyses of carotenoid esters, a two-stage cleanup procedure was developed, involving column chromatography on silica gel and enzymatic cleavage of residual triacylglycerides by lipases. This facilitated the direct identification of several potato carotenoid esters without previous isolation of the compounds. Although the unequivocal identification of all parent carotenoids was not possible, the cleanup procedure proved to be highly efficient for LC(APCI)-MS analyses of very low amounts of carotenoid esters.
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The contents of carotenoids in different parts of flue-cured tobacco leaf during its growth development were determined by RP-HPLC.The results show that the contents of cartenoids decreased gradually during the flue-cured tobacco leaf growth development,and leaves of different parts of tobacco had different contents of carotenoids.β-carotene,neoxanthin,violaxanthin,lutein and xanthophylls contents remained stable in the middle part of the flue-cured tobacco leaves during the development.Compared with lower part tobacco leaves and middle part tobacco leaves,upper part flue-cured tobacco leaves during its latter stage have higher contents of β-carotene,neoxanthin,violaxanthin,lutein and xanthophylls,and 16.1 mg·g~(-1) β-carotene as the highest.
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