Broiler Pigmentation Potency of Neoxanthin and Violaxanthin Relative to Lutein
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THE xanthophylls from dehydrated alfalfa meal as measured by the new Western Regional Research Laboratory (W.R.R.L.) analytical procedure include lutein, zeazanthin, cryptoxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, carotenoid oxidation products, and various cis isomers of these (Kohler et al., 1967). Lutein, zeaxanthin, and cryptoxanthin have been reported to be good skin pigmenters while indications are the polyoxycarotenoids are relatively poor skin pigmenters (Quackenbush et al., 1965; Kuzmicky et al., 1968). Violaxanthin has been reported to be ineffective as a yolk pigmenter (Marusich et al., 1960). However, the effectiveness of violaxanthin and neoxanthin as skin pigmenters has not been established. This study was undertaken to determine the relative skin pigmentation potency (R.S.P.P.) of pure all-trans neoxanthin and all-trans violaxanthin relative to pure all-trans lutein. GENERAL PROCEDURE1 For the two experiments conducted in this study, day-old Cornish-White Rock type cross-bred cockerels (Kimber) were depleted of pigment on a 22% protein soy-starch ration (Table 1) for…Keywords:
Neoxanthin
Violaxanthin
ABSTRACT: As increasing evidence supports the role of lutein and zeaxanthin in reducing the risk of cataract and macular degeneration, food sources of these carotenoids are being sought. In the present study, the lutein content of the edible flowers and leaves of Tropaeolum majus L. was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDAD), complemented by HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) for identification. Chemical reactions were also used as identifying parameters. The yellow and brownish orange flowers had 450 ± 60 μg/g and 350 ± 50 μg/g lutein, respectively. Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin, zeinoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene were also detected at very low levels. The leaves had 136 ± 18 μg/g lutein, 69 ± 7 μg/g β-carotene, 74 ± 23 μg/g violaxanthin, and 48 ± 13 μg/g neoxanthin. Lutein was partly esterified in the flowers and unesterified in the leaves. The flowers of T. majus are therefore excellent food sources of lutein and the leaves good sources of both lutein and the provitamin A β-carotene.
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Violaxanthin
Antheraxanthin
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Neoxanthin
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Carotene
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The contents of carotenoids in different parts of flue-cured tobacco leaf during its growth development were determined by RP-HPLC.The results show that the contents of cartenoids decreased gradually during the flue-cured tobacco leaf growth development,and leaves of different parts of tobacco had different contents of carotenoids.β-carotene,neoxanthin,violaxanthin,lutein and xanthophylls contents remained stable in the middle part of the flue-cured tobacco leaves during the development.Compared with lower part tobacco leaves and middle part tobacco leaves,upper part flue-cured tobacco leaves during its latter stage have higher contents of β-carotene,neoxanthin,violaxanthin,lutein and xanthophylls,and 16.1 mg·g~(-1) β-carotene as the highest.
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Violaxanthin
Curing of tobacco
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This study investigated the chloroplast pigment content of the Australian mistletoe Amyema miquelii (Lehm. ex Miq.) Tiegh. over diurnal periods in sun- and shade-acclimated leaves. Amyema miquelii exhibited the typical higher plant complement of neoxanthin, the xanthophyll cycle pigments, lutein, chlorophylls a and b and β carotene. Substantial levels of lutein epoxide were also present. Interestingly, diurnal light exposure elicited a decrease in lutein epoxide that paralleled the decrease in violaxanthin. Compared with shade-acclimated leaves, sun leaves exhibited reduced lutein epoxide and violaxanthin levels and higher chlorophyll a/b ratios. It is clear that the pools of violaxanthin and lutein epoxide respond in parallel to both diurnal light changes and sun–shade acclimation, although there seemed to be some differences in the recovery characteristics. These results raise a question as to whether lutein and lutein epoxide cycling may provide an auxiliary means of energy dissipation for some species.
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