Flavonoids, essential oiland itsconstituentsof Anethum graveolens L. herb affected by nitrogen and bio-fertilizers
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This study was to investigate the response of Anethumgraveolens L. plants to the nitrogen fertilizer (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80kg N/fed.) with or without bio-fertilizers (at 2kg/fed.) on the flavonoids content and essential oil as well as its chemical constituents during the vegetative stage (90 days after sowing). The recorded results showed that in the two seasons, treatment of 60kgN/fed. with or without bio-fertilizers gave the best values of volatile oil percentage and oil yield in the herb, Also, the most effective fertilization treatment on flavonoids content was 40 or 60 Kg N/fed., with bio-fertilizers. In the essential oil constituents of dill herb, all treatments showed α-phellandrene (42.44 to 66.39%)as the major compound followed by pcymene(11.97to 18.39%) and limonene(1.42 to 14.25%)then β-phellandrene (7.67 to 11.18%).Keywords:
Anethum graveolens
Nitrogen fertilizer
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Abstract The effect of 5 levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) on herb yield, content and composition of essential oil of Tagetes minuta was studied in Tehran, Iran. Application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the herb yield, content and percentages of constituents of essential oil of T. minuta. The largest fresh and dry herb yields (70 and 29 t/ha, respectively) and the highest essential oil content (1.16%) were obtained from the plots that received 200 kg N/ha. GC and GC-MS analyses of the essential oil showed that different levels of nitrogen had significant effect on the essential oil constituents of T. minuta. The major components of the essential oil were: p-cymene (4.1–5.0%), limonene (7.5–9.3%), dihydrotagetone (42.5–57.1%), (E)-tagetone (2.3–9.2%), (Z)-tagetone (14.9–17.9%), (Z)-ocimenone (0.8–4.6%) and (E)-ocimenone (2.0–5.1%). Key word index: Tagetes minutanitrogen applicationherb yieldessential oil compositiondihydrotagetone
Tagetes
Nitrogen fertilizer
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Abstract Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) essential oil content (percentage, g/plant and kg/feddan) were effected by presowing low temperature; treatment at 5°C for 7 days caused the most pronounced increase in the essential oil content at all stages of flowering (0.25 to 0.19 %) in comparison with the control (0.2 to 0.15 %). The highest content of essential oil was obtained from the flower heads at the full flowering stage in both seasons. The main chemical constituents of Calendula essential oil were analyzed by GC-MS. The highest value of α-Cadinol (64.4 %) was obtained from the treatment of 7°C for 7 days in comparison with the control (32.01 %). The Calendula officinalis L. essential oil has characteristic flavor, due to the presence of many components with strongly sensory properties at low threshold such as α-cadinol (64.4 %) or cadinene (17.7 %) and thus could be suitable for using as a flavoring agent in the medical and food industries.
Calendula officinalis
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Abstract This study was performed to verify the influence of photoperiod, plant age and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium availability in the essential oil composition of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit from Alfenas (MG), Brazil. The plants were grown in a greenhouse and six treatments were used. These treatments were harvested at two different periods (60 and 135 day‐old plants). The essential oil composition was determined by GC–MS analysis using a DB5 bonded phase column. The terpenes spathulenol (8.43–24.70%), globulol (6.89–14.55%), dehydroabietol (3.84–11.80%), α ‐cadinol (4.25–8.05%) and β ‐phellandrene (2.91–4.40%) were the major constituents found in the essential oil. Spathulenol amounts changed according to nitrogen and phosphorus availability, related to plant age. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (33.09–49.55%) represented the main group of constituents in most of the treatments, while the amounts of oxygenated diterpenes (5.68–18.07%) increased in 135 day‐old plants. In addition, a pattern of terpenoid oxidation related to the plant age was suggested. The major changes in the essential oil composition were found in 60 day‐old plants grown under nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies and extended photoperiod. In conclusion, the interaction among the tested macronutrients, photoperiod and plant age may be related to the essential oil composition of H. suaveolens from Alfenas, Brazil. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ornamental plant
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Background: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) as a member of the Lamiaceae family is a valuable aromatic and medicinal plant which is cultivated in large scale in Iran. Therefore, it is necessary to determine influence of factors affecting plant growth and drug metabolite production. Objectives: This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of bio-stimulators compounds on growth and phytochemical traits of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Methods: This experiment was conducted on the basis of randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Medicinal Plants Institute (MPI) of ACECR in 2013. The treatments included commercial formulations of aminolforte, kadostim, fosnutren, humiforte (each of them at 0.75 and 1.5 L.ha -1 ), 120 kg.ha -1 chemical fertilizers (N.P.K, 15:8:15%), and control treatment (without any bio-stimulators and chemical fertilizer applications). Results: The effects of treatments were significant (p≤0.01) on all of the traits in a way that the maximum value of plant height (42.94 cm), leaf length (34.92 mm), leaf width (4.2 mm), number of leaves per plant (465 leaves.plant -1 ), leaf SPAD value (56.1 SPAD), total dry weight (246.78 kg.ha -1 ) essential oil (1.4%), α-pinene (27.35%), was obtained by foliar application of 1.5 L.ha -1 fosnutren. Also, the highest of collar diameter of stem (10.77 mm) and number of branches per plant (24.63 branches.plant -1 ) and camphor (9.87%) was observed in chemical fertilizers treatment, 1.5 L.ha -1 aminolforte and humiforte, respectively. In contrast, the least amounts of
Rosmarinus
Camphor
Phytochemical
Dry weight
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This article used steam distillation to extract the leaves' essential oil of Myrtus communis L. grown in Shanghai, the compositions of essential oil was analysed by GC and GC-MS. And further more, it had made the contrastive analysis of the essential oil's compositions and content in different vegetal periods, as well as in the dry and fresh leaves. The result indicated that: the essential oil was identified 36 kinds of matters, including 14 terpenes, 9 esters, 7 mellows, 3 terpene oxides, 1 aldehyde?ketone and hydroxybenzene respectively. The content of essential oil was little higher at the beginning of the florescence (2.5 mL·kg-1) than in the fructification period (2.3 mL·kg-1). In the fructification period, the content of essential oil was less in dry leaves (2.17 mL·kg-1) than in the fresh ones. The compositions of essential oil had no large change under the both conditions expect the content. The major compositions of fresh leaves at the beginning of the florescence were Myrtenyl acetate (36.93%)?Linalool (14.80%)?1,8-Cineole (15.80%)?α-pinene (12.64%) and Myrtenol (5.54%); The ones of fresh leaves in the fructification period were Myrtenyl acetate (31.83%), Linalool(21.48%), 1,8-Cineole (15.39%), α-pinene (10.32%) and Myrtenol (4.69%); The ones of dry leaves in the fructification period were Myrtenyl acetate (35.34%), Linalool (18.48%), 1,8-Cineole(15.86%), α-pinene,(10.64%) and Myrtenol,(4.47%).
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Myrtus communis
Terpene
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Abstract In order to investigate the influence of drying, the essential oil from fresh, shade dried and sun dried flowering twigs of Artemisia capillaris was compared. The essential oil content was found higher in fresh herb (0.63 %) compared to dry materials (0.57 %). GC and GC-MS analysis enabled identification of twenty five components, representing 93.8 % - 95.0 % of the total oil. The major components of these oils were capillene (32.5 % - 39.6 %), γ-terpinene (26.4 % -34.3 %), eugenol (7.4 % - 10.1 %), β-caryophyllene (4.8 % - 7.9 %) and ρ-cymene (2.0 % - 5.1 %). Interestingly, capillene content was found to decrease, whereas γ-terpinene and eugenol increased on drying. The study suggested that the A. capillaris biomass should be distilled afresh for better oil yield and quality under hill conditions of Kumaon Himalaya.
Dry weight
Methyl eugenol
Artemisia
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Foeniculum
Estragole
Trolox
Fraction (chemistry)
Steam distillation
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Coriandrum
Camphor
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In this study, carried out to determine effect of boric acid treatments on essential oil compositions in moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), plants were transplanted to experimental area of Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture of Ankara University with four replicates after rooting. Boric acid concentrations (0, 3, 6 ve 9 kg ha -1 ) were applied as aqueous foliar spray at before flowering stage and plants were harvested at full flowering stage The essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation using clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. According to results, 14 components were determined in herbs of Dracocephalum moldavica and linalol, z-citral, geraniol, citral, nerol and geranyl acetate were major components. The chemical composition of essential oil did not change due to the boric acid level; rather the percentages of main constituents were affected, slightly. While, the highest level of geranyl acetate (43.6%) was obtained at 6 kg ha -1 . both citral (27.6%) and z-citral (20.2%) the highest percentage was documented at 9 kg ha -1 . Other minor components showed different concentrations depending on level of fertilizer used.
Citral
Geranyl acetate
Boric acid
Nerol
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ABSTRACT Pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar spray treatments with 10, 25 and 50 mg/L ascorbic acid (AA) were given to the pale variety of Indian dill (Anethum sowa Roxb.). Although AA treatment did not bring any significant change in crop yield, there was a significant increase in the oil yield from the fruit. It was also found that concentrations of limonene, carvone, and cis- and trans-dihydrocarvone were higher in oils from AA treated plants. At the same time, dillapiole, an undesirable component, was found in lower concentrations in these oils. The best quality oil with the highest total carvone/dihydrocarvone content and lowest dillapiole content was realized from plants treated with 50 mg/L AA.
Anethum graveolens
Carvone
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