Accuracy Enhancement Techniques for Global Navigation Satellite Systems and Its Military Ground Based Navigation Applications
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is being extensively used all across the world for precisely locating the points on the surface of the earth. Various GNSS systems are being developed by different countries; some are regional navigation systems while others cover complete globe. The accuracy of the systems varies from few metres to few centimetres; depending on the error correction techniques used. In this paper, basic concept and operation of GNSS system is explained in details with the latest updates on the current worldwide GNSS systems. This paper also covers the causes for degradation of the received satellite signals on earth and provides comprehensive accuracy enhancement techniques to overcome the effect of these errors and performance check procedures. This paper also highlights the GNSS communication standard formats for differential systems and for retrieving data from the GNSS receivers. The comparison and features of various GNSS systems have also been studied and evaluated in this paper. A separate section is devoted to the applications of GNSS for military ground based navigation systems and its future scope.Keywords:
GNSS augmentation
Air navigation
Scope (computer science)
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During the past few decades, the presence of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) such as GPS, GLONASS, Beidou and Galileo has facilitated positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) for various outdoor applications. With the rapid increase in the number of orbiting satellites per GNSS, enhancements in the satellite-based augmentation systems (SBASs) such as EGNOS and WAAS, as well as commissioning new GNSS constellations, the PNT capabilities are maximized to reach new frontiers. Additionally, the recent developments in precise point positioning (PPP) and real time kinematic (RTK) algorithms have provided more feasibility to carrier-phase precision positioning solutions up to the third-dimensional localization. With the rapid growth of internet of things (IoT) applications, seamless navigation becomes very crucial for numerous PNT dependent applications especially in sensitive fields such as safety and industrial applications. Throughout the years, GNSSs have maintained sufficiently acceptable performance in PNT, in RTK and PPP applications however GNSS experienced major challenges in some complicated signal environments. In many scenarios, GNSS signal suffers deterioration due to multipath fading and attenuation in densely obscured environments that comprise stout obstructions. Recently, there has been a growing demand e.g. in the autonomous-things domain in adopting reliable systems that accurately estimate position, velocity and time (PVT) observables. Such demand in many applications also facilitates the retrieval of information about the six degrees of freedom (6-DOF - x, y, z, roll, pitch, and heading) movements of the target anchors. Numerous modern applications are regarded as beneficiaries of precise PNT solutions such as the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), the automatic guided vehicles (AGV) and the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Hence, multi-sensor fusion technology has become very vital in seamless navigation systems owing to its complementary capabilities to GNSSs. Fusion-based positioning in multi-sensor technology comprises the use of multiple sensors measurements for further refinement in addition to the primary GNSS, which results in high precision and less erroneous localization. Inertial navigation systems (INSs) and their inertial measurement units (IMUs) are the most commonly used technologies for augmenting GNSS in multi-sensor integrated systems. In this article, we survey the most recent literature on multi-sensor GNSS technology for seamless navigation. We provide an overall perspective for the advantages, the challenges and the recent developments of the fusion-based GNSS navigation realm as well as analyze the gap between scientific advances and commercial offerings. INS/GNSS and IMU/GNSS systems have proven to be very reliable in GNSS-denied environments where satellite signal degradation is at its peak, that is why both integrated systems are very abundant in the relevant literature. In addition, the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems are widely adopted in the literature for its capability to provide 6-DOF to mobile vehicles and autonomous robots. LiDARs are very accurate systems however they are not suitable for low-cost positioning due to the expensive initial costs. Moreover, several other techniques from the radio frequency (RF) spectrum are utilized as multi-sensor systems such as cellular networks, WiFi, ultra-wideband (UWB) and Bluetooth. The cellular-based systems are very suitable for outdoor navigation applications while WiFi-based, UWB-based and Bluetooth-based systems are efficient in indoor positioning systems (IPS). However, to achieve reliable PVT estimations in multi-sensor GNSS navigation, optimal algorithms should be developed to mitigate the estimation errors resulting from non-line-of-sight (NLOS) GNSS situations. Examples of the most commonly used algorithms for trilateration-based positioning are Kalman filters, weighted least square (WLS), particle filters (PF) and many other hybrid algorithms by mixing one or more algorithms together. In this paper, the reviewed articles under study and comparison are presented by highlighting their motivation, the methodology of implementation, the modelling utilized and the performed experiments. Then they are assessed with respect to the published results focusing on achieved accuracy, robustness and overall implementation cost-benefits as performance metrics. Our summarizing survey assesses the most promising, highly ranked and recent articles that comprise insights into the future of GNSS technology with multi-sensor fusion technique.
Galileo (satellite navigation)
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Precise Point Positioning
GNSS augmentation
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The integration and application of multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS) is gradually becoming a trend in the field of satellite navigation in recent years.The progress of the positioning techniques based on integrated GNSS is reviewed.The clue of the positioning method is illustrated from the viewpoint of the multi-source information fusion theories.The progress of the crucial techniques such as the carrier phase ambiguity resolution methods are analyzed for the new background of the integrated GNSS.The newly emerging issues and problems to be further studied in the implementation of the integrated GNSS are also put forward.
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Galileo (satellite navigation)
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Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), involving satellites, ground reference station infrastructure and user equipment to determine positions anywhere on earth, have revolutionized the mapping, surveying and tracking industry. These systems allow small electronic devices to determine their location (longitude, latitude and altitude) in within a few meters using time signals transmitted along a line of sight from orbiting satellites. The past decade has seen tremendous growth in the use of these systems across many areas of the society. Among the currently used GNSS, the global positioning system (GPS) from the USA is the only fully operational satellite navigation system. Russia also operates its GNSS called GLONASS, which will become fully operational by 2010. Fueling growth in the coming decade, several next generation GNSS (Galileo, GLONASS, Enhanced GPS etc) are currently being developed. In this paper we present a survey of what technological improvements will these next generation GNSS incorporate in order to deliver better accuracy, reliability and availability to the spatial information industry
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Galileo (satellite navigation)
GNSS augmentation
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This literature review paper focuses on existing vulnerabilities associated with global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). With respect to the civilian/non encrypted GNSSs, they are employed for proving positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) solutions across a wide range of industries. Some of these include electric power grids, stock exchange systems, cellular communications, agriculture, unmanned aerial systems and intelligent transportation systems. In this survey paper, physical degradations, existing threats and solutions adopted in academia and industry are presented. In regards to GNSS threats, jamming and spoofing attacks as well as detection techniques adopted in the literature are surveyed and summarized. Also discussed are multipath propagation in GNSS and non line-of-sight (NLoS) detection techniques. The review also identifies and discusses open research areas and techniques which can be investigated for the purpose of enhancing the robustness of GNSS.
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Spoofing attack
Robustness
GNSS augmentation
Gigabit
Air navigation
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The advantages of multi-GNSS integrated system are analyzed firstly;then a study on the compatibility of GPS/GLONASS/GALIEO integration system is presented.Besides,the translation models between different systems are given,which provide theoretical basis for the implementation of multi-GNSS combination.The critical techniques of combined GNSS Receiver is discussed at last.
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Global Positioning System (GPS) has been widely used worldwide for a variety of applications such as air, land and sea. The GPS and the Russian GLONASS are the only fully operational Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Due to its several advantages, such as simplicity of use, successful implementation and global availability, this has been considered as the cornerstone of positioning in navigation system applications for the people who are visually impaired. However, due to standalone single frequency service, the positioning performance has not been sufficient for some accuracy and precision demanding applications. The problems of obtaining high accuracy real time positions in the field have led the navigation community to develop a GNSS augmentation system. However, several questions have been raised with this new development, such as how good the new method is? During any satellite configuration, would it be able to provide the accuracy at the same level? In a reliable way, would it be able to replace conventional GPS method? In this paper, a detailed review of all necessary understandings concerning GNSS and with a focal point on the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou and GNSS augmentation systems positioning performance, is provided. The enormous demand to further improve positioning, navigation, and timing capabilities for both civil and military users on existing GNSS systems has directed efforts to modernise the GPS and GLONASS system and introduce new systems such as Galileo navigation system.
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Galileo (satellite navigation)
GNSS augmentation
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ABSTRACT This chapter gives an overview of global navigation satellite systems ( GNSSs ) from the perspective of existing operational and upcoming systems. These systems are used in a wide range of automotive applications to get the precise time and to determine the position, velocity, and acceleration of vehicles or mobile devices. This chapter mainly focuses on the description of the global positioning system ( GPS ) set up by the United States. The physical principles of satellite navigation and the existing sources of errors of these systems are depicted. It gives an overview of how the position of the user is derived and how some errors could be minimized by using the so‐called augmentation systems. However, there are some errors such as multipath errors that can be resolved only with very expensive systems, for example, dual frequency receivers. The phenomenon of shadowing, for example, due to urban canyons, wet trees, or tunnels cannot be solved by GNSS alone. Here, additional sensors are needed. These additional sensor data can also be used for a fusion of the sensor data with GNSS data to achieve a better accuracy and higher availability.
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) plays a key role in high precision navigation, positioning, timing, and scientific questions related to precise positioning. This is a highly precise, continuous, all-weather, and real-time technique. The book is devoted to presenting recent results and developments in GNSS theory, system, signal, receiver, method, and errors sources, such as multipath effects and atmospheric delays. Furthermore, varied GNSS applications are demonstrated and evaluated in hybrid positioning, multi-sensor integration, height system, Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK), wheeled robots, and status and engineering surveying. This book provides a good reference for GNSS designers, engineers, and scientists, as well as the user market.
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Citations (79)