FUTURE GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS (GNSS)
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Global Positioning System (GPS) has been widely used worldwide for a variety of applications such as air, land and sea. The GPS and the Russian GLONASS are the only fully operational Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Due to its several advantages, such as simplicity of use, successful implementation and global availability, this has been considered as the cornerstone of positioning in navigation system applications for the people who are visually impaired. However, due to standalone single frequency service, the positioning performance has not been sufficient for some accuracy and precision demanding applications. The problems of obtaining high accuracy real time positions in the field have led the navigation community to develop a GNSS augmentation system. However, several questions have been raised with this new development, such as how good the new method is? During any satellite configuration, would it be able to provide the accuracy at the same level? In a reliable way, would it be able to replace conventional GPS method? In this paper, a detailed review of all necessary understandings concerning GNSS and with a focal point on the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou and GNSS augmentation systems positioning performance, is provided. The enormous demand to further improve positioning, navigation, and timing capabilities for both civil and military users on existing GNSS systems has directed efforts to modernise the GPS and GLONASS system and introduce new systems such as Galileo navigation system.Keywords:
GLONASS
Galileo (satellite navigation)
GNSS augmentation
Real Time Kinematic
Air navigation
Precise Point Positioning
Navigation System
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Galileo (satellite navigation)
Telematics
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GNSS augmentation
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During the past few decades, the presence of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) such as GPS, GLONASS, Beidou and Galileo has facilitated positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) for various outdoor applications. With the rapid increase in the number of orbiting satellites per GNSS, enhancements in the satellite-based augmentation systems (SBASs) such as EGNOS and WAAS, as well as commissioning new GNSS constellations, the PNT capabilities are maximized to reach new frontiers. Additionally, the recent developments in precise point positioning (PPP) and real time kinematic (RTK) algorithms have provided more feasibility to carrier-phase precision positioning solutions up to the third-dimensional localization. With the rapid growth of internet of things (IoT) applications, seamless navigation becomes very crucial for numerous PNT dependent applications especially in sensitive fields such as safety and industrial applications. Throughout the years, GNSSs have maintained sufficiently acceptable performance in PNT, in RTK and PPP applications however GNSS experienced major challenges in some complicated signal environments. In many scenarios, GNSS signal suffers deterioration due to multipath fading and attenuation in densely obscured environments that comprise stout obstructions. Recently, there has been a growing demand e.g. in the autonomous-things domain in adopting reliable systems that accurately estimate position, velocity and time (PVT) observables. Such demand in many applications also facilitates the retrieval of information about the six degrees of freedom (6-DOF - x, y, z, roll, pitch, and heading) movements of the target anchors. Numerous modern applications are regarded as beneficiaries of precise PNT solutions such as the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), the automatic guided vehicles (AGV) and the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Hence, multi-sensor fusion technology has become very vital in seamless navigation systems owing to its complementary capabilities to GNSSs. Fusion-based positioning in multi-sensor technology comprises the use of multiple sensors measurements for further refinement in addition to the primary GNSS, which results in high precision and less erroneous localization. Inertial navigation systems (INSs) and their inertial measurement units (IMUs) are the most commonly used technologies for augmenting GNSS in multi-sensor integrated systems. In this article, we survey the most recent literature on multi-sensor GNSS technology for seamless navigation. We provide an overall perspective for the advantages, the challenges and the recent developments of the fusion-based GNSS navigation realm as well as analyze the gap between scientific advances and commercial offerings. INS/GNSS and IMU/GNSS systems have proven to be very reliable in GNSS-denied environments where satellite signal degradation is at its peak, that is why both integrated systems are very abundant in the relevant literature. In addition, the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems are widely adopted in the literature for its capability to provide 6-DOF to mobile vehicles and autonomous robots. LiDARs are very accurate systems however they are not suitable for low-cost positioning due to the expensive initial costs. Moreover, several other techniques from the radio frequency (RF) spectrum are utilized as multi-sensor systems such as cellular networks, WiFi, ultra-wideband (UWB) and Bluetooth. The cellular-based systems are very suitable for outdoor navigation applications while WiFi-based, UWB-based and Bluetooth-based systems are efficient in indoor positioning systems (IPS). However, to achieve reliable PVT estimations in multi-sensor GNSS navigation, optimal algorithms should be developed to mitigate the estimation errors resulting from non-line-of-sight (NLOS) GNSS situations. Examples of the most commonly used algorithms for trilateration-based positioning are Kalman filters, weighted least square (WLS), particle filters (PF) and many other hybrid algorithms by mixing one or more algorithms together. In this paper, the reviewed articles under study and comparison are presented by highlighting their motivation, the methodology of implementation, the modelling utilized and the performed experiments. Then they are assessed with respect to the published results focusing on achieved accuracy, robustness and overall implementation cost-benefits as performance metrics. Our summarizing survey assesses the most promising, highly ranked and recent articles that comprise insights into the future of GNSS technology with multi-sensor fusion technique.
Galileo (satellite navigation)
GLONASS
Real Time Kinematic
Precise Point Positioning
GNSS augmentation
Air navigation
Positioning technology
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Navigation is defined as the science of getting a craft or person from one place to another. The development of radio in the past century brought fort new navigation aids that enabled users, or rather their receivers, to compute their position with the help of signals from one or more radio-navigation system . The U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) was envisioned as a satellite system for three-dimensional position and velocity determination fulfilling the following key attributes: global coverage, continuous/all weather operation, ability to serve high-dynamic platforms, and high accuracy. It represents the fruition of several technologies, which matured and came together in the second half of the 20th century. In particular, stable space-born platforms, ultra-stable atomic frequency standards, spread spectrum signaling, and microelectronics are the key developments in the realization and success of GPS. While GPS was under development, the Soviet Union undertook to develop a similar system called GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS). Both GLONASS and GPS were designed primarily for the military, but have transitioned in the past decades towards providing civilian and Safety-of-Life services as well. Other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are now being developed and deployed by governments, international consortia, and commercial interests. Among these are the European system Galileo and the Chinese system Beidou. Other regional systems are the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System and the Indian Gagan. GNSS have become a crucial component in countless modern systems, e.g. in telecommunication, navigation, remote sensing, precise agriculture, aviation and timing. One of the main threats to the reliable and safe operation of GNSS are the variable propagation conditions encountered by GNSS signals as they pass through the upper atmosphere of the Earth. In particular, irregular concentration of electrons in the ionosphere induce fast fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of GNSS signals called scintillations. The latter can greatly degrade the performance of GNSS receivers, with consequent economical impacts on service providers and users of high performance applications. New GNSS navigation signals and codes are expected to help mitigate such effects, although to what degree is still unknown. Furthermore, these new technologies will only come on line incrementally over the next decade as new GNSS satellites become operational. In the meantime, GPS users who need high performance navigation solution, e.g., offshore drilling companies, might be forced to postpone operations for which precision position knowledge is required until the ionospheric disturbances are over. For this reason continuous monitoring of scintillations has become a priority in order to try to predict its occurrence. Indeed, it is a growing scientific and industrial activity. However, Radio Frequency (RF) Interference from other telecommunication systems might threaten the monitoring of scintillation activity. Currently, the majority of the GNSS based application are highly exposed to unintentional or intentional interference issues. The extremely weak power of the GNSS signals, which is actually completely buried in the noise floor at the user receiver antenna level, puts interference among the external error contributions that most degrade GNSS performance. It is then of interest to study the effects these external systems may have on the estimation of ionosphere activity with GNSS. In this dissertation, we investigate the effect of propagation issues in GNSS, focusing on scintillations, interference and the joint effect of the two phenomena
GLONASS
Galileo (satellite navigation)
Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
Real Time Kinematic
GNSS augmentation
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GNSS technology is presented, with its main aspects and utilities regarding its use as support for making decisions concerning project management. It presents general aspects of GNSS positioning systems (NAVSTAR-GPS, GALILEO GLONASSM) and the facilities that these systems have, that are indispensable in most fields.
It presents kinematics measuring methods and RTK, but also the rapid static method with its own characteristics, while insuring visibility to satellites, a prerequisite needed to receive satellite signals and obtain the expected results in achieving the goal which is proposed.
Almost all areas are involved in the acquisition and use of equipment using GNSS technology (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, COMPAS, etc.), this together with geographic information systems are now the trend and solve a lot of problems, especially in project management, as it provides useful information in making decisions in that area.
Environmental projects are of particular importance because they are current and they serve a number of institutions in the field and work towards solving problems in this area, along with information systems and GNSS technology, which helps to quickly and efficiently collect the necessary data for such projects.
Galileo (satellite navigation)
GLONASS
Real Time Kinematic
Visibility
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is being extensively used all across the world for precisely locating the points on the surface of the earth. Various GNSS systems are being developed by different countries; some are regional navigation systems while others cover complete globe. The accuracy of the systems varies from few metres to few centimetres; depending on the error correction techniques used. In this paper, basic concept and operation of GNSS system is explained in details with the latest updates on the current worldwide GNSS systems. This paper also covers the causes for degradation of the received satellite signals on earth and provides comprehensive accuracy enhancement techniques to overcome the effect of these errors and performance check procedures. This paper also highlights the GNSS communication standard formats for differential systems and for retrieving data from the GNSS receivers. The comparison and features of various GNSS systems have also been studied and evaluated in this paper. A separate section is devoted to the applications of GNSS for military ground based navigation systems and its future scope.
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Air navigation
Scope (computer science)
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ABSTRACT This chapter gives an overview of global navigation satellite systems ( GNSSs ) from the perspective of existing operational and upcoming systems. These systems are used in a wide range of automotive applications to get the precise time and to determine the position, velocity, and acceleration of vehicles or mobile devices. This chapter mainly focuses on the description of the global positioning system ( GPS ) set up by the United States. The physical principles of satellite navigation and the existing sources of errors of these systems are depicted. It gives an overview of how the position of the user is derived and how some errors could be minimized by using the so‐called augmentation systems. However, there are some errors such as multipath errors that can be resolved only with very expensive systems, for example, dual frequency receivers. The phenomenon of shadowing, for example, due to urban canyons, wet trees, or tunnels cannot be solved by GNSS alone. Here, additional sensors are needed. These additional sensor data can also be used for a fusion of the sensor data with GNSS data to achieve a better accuracy and higher availability.
Galileo (satellite navigation)
Sensor Fusion
GLONASS
Position (finance)
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) plays a key role in high precision navigation, positioning, timing, and scientific questions related to precise positioning. This is a highly precise, continuous, all-weather, and real-time technique. The book is devoted to presenting recent results and developments in GNSS theory, system, signal, receiver, method, and errors sources, such as multipath effects and atmospheric delays. Furthermore, varied GNSS applications are demonstrated and evaluated in hybrid positioning, multi-sensor integration, height system, Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK), wheeled robots, and status and engineering surveying. This book provides a good reference for GNSS designers, engineers, and scientists, as well as the user market.
Precise Point Positioning
SIGNAL (programming language)
GNSS augmentation
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Galileo (satellite navigation)
Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
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위성을 이용한 측위 시스템인 광역위성항법시스템(GNSS : Global Navigation Satellite System)은 측량 및 항법 등에 정확한 위치, 속도 그리고 시간 정보를 제공함으로써 위치결정의 중요한 도구가 되어왔다. 미 국방성에 의해 개발되어 운용되고 있는 범세계적위치결정시스템인 GPS는 GNSS 시장에 독점적인 존재이므로, GNSS 사용자는 GPS에 의존할 수 밖에 없는 상황이다. 이런 독점 상황을 극복하기 위하여 러시아, 유럽 그리고 일본은 독자적인 위성항법시스템을 개발하기 시작하였다. 특히 유럽의 Galileo 시스템은 2008년 발사 목표로 진행되고 있다. 본 연구는 위성궤도를 생성하고 분석할 수 있도록 제작한 GIMS2005 프로그램을 이용하여 차세대 GNSS인 Galileo 시스템을 GPS와 비교 분석함에 있다. 본 실험은 GPS 단독 처리의 한계와 GPS/Galileo 결합 시스템의 이점을 인식할 수 있게 한다. 기하구조 분석은 가시위성수, 정밀도 저하율, 내부 신뢰도 그리고 외부 신뢰도를 GPS 단독 처리와 비교하여 분석된다. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has become an indispensable tool for providing precise position, velocity and time information for many applications like traditional surveying and navigation etc. However, Global Positioning System (GPS), which was developed and is maintained and operated by the U.S. Department of Defence (DoD), has monopolized the world industry and market, and hence there exists the situation that most of GNSS users absolutely depend upon the GPS. In order to overcome the monopoly, some countries, such as Russia, Japan and European Union (EU), have developed their own GNSSs, so-called GLONASS, JRANS and Galileo systems. Among them, the most prospective system in near future is EU's Galileo system scheduled to launch in 2008. This research has focused on the next generation GNSS system based on GPS and Gralileo system with developing a GNSS simulation software, named as GIMS2005, which generates and analyzes satellite constellation and measurements. Based on the software, a variety of simulation tests have been carried out to recognize limits of GPS-only system and potential benefits of integrated GPS/Galileo positioning. Geometry simulation results have showed that comparing with GPS-only case, the number qf visual satellites, Dilution of Precision (DOP) values, internal reliabilities and external reliabilities.
Galileo (satellite navigation)
GLONASS
Dilution of precision
GNSS augmentation
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Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are satellite systems with global coverage. There are currently several GNSS systems in operation today including the United States NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, Russian GLONASS, Chinese Beidou and the European Union’s Galileo system. The Galileo and Beidou systems are currently undergoing upgrading in order to achieve more sustainable and comprehensive worldwide exposure, ultimately providing users with a broader option of systems and wider more reliable coverage.
In recent years, in addition to the GPS constellation, the ability to utilise extra satellites made available through the GLONASS and Beidou systems has enhanced the capabilities and possible applications of the precise point positioning (PPP) method. Precise Point Positioning has been used for the last decade as a cost-effective alternative to conventional DGPS-Differential GPS with an estimated precision adequate for many applications. PPP requires handling different types of errors using proper models. PPP precision varies with the use of observations from different satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS and mixed GPS/GLONASS/Beidou) and the duration of observations. However, the fundamental differences between GPS, GLONASS, Beidou and Galileo and the lack of a fully tested global tracking network of multi-Global Navigation Satellite Systems necessitate the evaluation of their combined use. More studies are required in order to confirm the reliability and accuracy of the results obtained by the various methods of PPP. This is outside the scope of this paper.
This research paper will evaluate and analyse the accuracy and reliability between different GNSS systems using the Precise Point Positioning technique with emphasis on the function and performance of single systems compared with combined GNSS systems. A methodology was designed to ensure accurate and reliable results have been achieved. Solutions generated from identical data will be compared for bias, accuracy and reliability between single standalone GPS and combined GNSS systems. This study focused on the performance of these systems over a twenty four hour observation period, decimated into 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours. The study found that the reliability and performance of GNSS systems over standalone GPS was insignificant over a twenty four hour period. In fact, where satellite availability and constellation are at a premium, standalone GPS systems can produce equivalent quality results compared with combined GNSS. Having said this, the combined GNSS systems achieved quicker convergence times than standalone systems.
With limited access and availability to resources, in particular GNSS receivers, the results can be seen as preliminary testing enhancing the knowledge of GNSS users. Nonetheless, this dissertation covers a wide range of topics and field testing providing relevant reliable data on the accuracy, precision and performance of both standalone and combined Global Navigation Satellite Systems.
GLONASS
Galileo (satellite navigation)
Precise Point Positioning
Real Time Kinematic
Scope (computer science)
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