Heterosis, dominance estimate and genetic control of yield and post harvest quality traits of tomato
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Abstract:
Paucity of research on the development of tomato hybrid having desirable post harvest/or processing quality in the tropics compel to undertake this study. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to identify potential donors and crosses, to study the extent of heterosis and dominance behaviour, and to ascertain the genetic control of fifteen yield components and post harvest quality traits through line x tester mating design in tomato. Non-additive gene action controlled all characters studied, suggesting heterosis breeding for their improvement. Among parental lines, CLN2777-G’ and ‘FEB-2’ were the best general combiners for yield and processing traits and could be utilized further in tomato breeding programme. Crosses (‘CLN2768-A x A.C.AFT’ and ‘CLN2777-G x FEB-2’) showing high specific combining ability and yield involved parents showing high general combining ability for fruit yield per plant and other horticultural traits. All 9 F1 hybrids had significantly higher number of fruits per cluster and number of fruits per cluster over both mid-and better-parental values, while for the other traits, hybrids expressed average heterosis in both directions. The maximum extent of heterobeltiosis (53.56%) was found in lycopene content of fruit followed by number of fruits per cluster (32.59%) and fruit yield per plant (31.77%). The performances of the hybrids illustrated the presence of various degrees of dominance effects i.e., partial to overdominance /or no dominance. We could able to improve processing quality in spite of yield in the cross (‘CLN2777-G x FEB-2’) which can substantially make a dent for processing industry in the tropics.Keywords:
Overdominance
Mating design
Dominance (genetics)
An investigation in rice was undertaken to study the nature and magnitude of heterosis for yield and yield component traits involving ten high yielding lines and three superior grain quality testers and thirty hybrids were developed through line x tester mating design. Observations were recorded for days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, hundred grain weight and single plant yield. Significant heterosis for grain yield and yield component traits were observed in most of the hybrids. Nine hybrids exhibited positive and significant heterosis over standard check but six crosses over better parent for single plant yield plant. Standard heterosis and heterobeltiosis for grain yield ranged from -15.64 to 20.04% and -23.75 to 15.50%, respectively. A total of four hybrids viz., ADT 39 x I.W.Ponni, ADT 43 x I.W. Ponni, ADT 49 x I.W. Ponni and CO (R) 50 x I.W. Ponni were recorded higher grain yield over both better parent and standard check and were identified as best hybrids for exploiting hybrid vigor. Most of the heterotic crosses for grain yield per plant were accompanied by heterosis for two or more component traits.
Panicle
Mating design
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Background . Heterosis is one of the most important and promising plant breeding trends. Its development will make it possible to obtain hybrids with high adaptability and a high heterosis effect in their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Materials and methods . The studies were carried out under dry conditions of the Volgograd Trans-Volga region in 2019–2020. Heterotic hybrids of table watermelon served as the research material, and hybridization and inbreeding as research methods. The heterotic F 1 hybrid of watermelon Barkhan was used as the reference. Results . The characteristics of heterotic watermelon hybrids were compared with the parental forms and the Barkhan F 1 reference. The length of the growing season in heterotic hybrids was inherited intermediately. In the average fruit weight, the reference was exceeded by the hybrids ChmsMt and ChmsFt by 1.1 kg. The highest average yield for the two years of research was observed in the F 1 hybrids ChmsNts (24.3 t/ha), ChmsFt (24.1) and ChmsMt (23.1) (reference: 20.8 t/ha). The inheritance of fruit weight according to the principle of overdominance occurred in the F 1 hybrids ChmsMk, ChmsRn, ChmsNts and ChmsMt. In their fruit weight, the same hybrids showed positive indices of hypothetical and true heterosis. The F 1 hybrids ChmsFt, ChmsNts and ChmsIR demonstrated high degrees of dominance in yield (1.8 to 5.0%). The index of hypothetical heterosis had positive results in all studied heterotic watermelon hybrids. Negative true heterosis (–0.49%) was observed in two F 1 hybrids, ChmsRn and ChmsPH. The remaining watermelon hybrids had positive true heterosis indices that ranged from 2.4% in ChmsIR to 11.06% in ChmsFt. Conclusion . As a result of the studies, heterotic hybrids of watermelon, developed on the basis of the sterile mother line Chms, were identified for high indices of true and hypothetical heterosis in fruit weight and yield parameters.
Overdominance
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The Avati Pichinga population contains genes for resistance to the fungal species that cause ear rot. This study aimed to develop populations of interest. For this purpose, the diallel analysis was carried out and combining ability associated with of grain yield (GY), popping expansion (PE), plant height (PH), ear height (EH) and days to silking (FF) were assessed from seven South American varieties of the maize race Avati Pichinga. Performance for those populations was evaluated in a completely randomized block designs at four locations in Paraguay and one location in Brazil. The statistical approach was based on the individual and joint analysis of variance and diallel analysis (Gardner and Eberhart's and Griffing's methods). The results showed that varieties and heterosis effects were significant for all the studied traits. Highly significant differences were also detected for the interactions between heterosis and locations for all traits, in contrast to variety and location that were significant for GY only. Differences were significant for average, variety, and specific heterosis with 68% of variation from the varieties and 32% from the total heterosis for GY. Differences among locations, varieties, heterotic effects, interaction between variety and locations were highly significant for PE, PH, EH, and FF. However, specific heterosis was significant for PE only. Estimates of combining ability and heterosis showed that
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In the present investigation, information regarding magnitude of heterosis was gathered for grain yield per hill and seven other yield attributing traits using line x tester analysis involving four females (CMS lines), fifteen restorers and their resultant sixty hybrids evaluated at three locations during kharif-2003. Significant differences were noticed among genotypes, parents and hybrids for all the characters studied. Significance of parents vs. hybrids comparison showed existence of overall heterosis. Significance of parents x locations and hybrids x locations interactions suggested that parents and hybrids infracted differently with different environments. A considerable degree of heterosis in desired direction was manifested by many hybrids over two standard checks viz., Jaya and Pro-agro-6201 in respect of grain yield per hill and various component traits. Significant positive heterotic effects and high per se performance with regards to grain yield per hill were recorded by the hybrids IR-58025A x BR 827-35-3-1, IR-58025A x RTN-3 and IR-58025A x IR-46. Seven hybrids exhibited significant positive heterosis over standard check hybrid Pro-ar $ brain yield per hill.
Kharif crop
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Tweenty one naturally brown colour linted cotton (G. hirsutum L.) hybrids derived through 7 x 7 diallel fashion excluding reciprocals alongwith their seven parents were evaluated to estimate the magnitudes of heterosis over mid parent and better parent. The magnitudes of heterosis in desirable direction was highest for seed cotton yield/plant followed by number of bolls, number of sympodia/plant, plant height and boll weight. Based on considerable beneficial heterotic response the hybrids viz., AKHC-39 x AKHC-4 and AKHC-46 x AKHC-7 could be considered for exploitation of hybrid vigour.
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Data on the level of heterosis for grain yield under Australian dryland wheat growing conditions is essential before any decision can be made to commit resources to hybrid wheat breeding. Experiments were conducted at Narrabri, N.S.W., to determine the level and stability of heterosis for grain yield expressed by F1 hybrids derived from crosses of adapted Australian varieties. The hybrids and their parents were grown in hill plots in replicated experiments at three sowing times for two years (six environments). The hybrids outyielded their parents in each of the six environments with levels of mid- and high-parent heterosis up to 31.5 and 26.8%, respectively. The best hybrid outperformed the best check variety by an average yield margin of 18.2%. The hybrids were marginally but not significantly more stable in their yield performance across environments than their parents. While heterosis for grain protein content was generally negative, some hybrids were superior to the check varieties for both grain yield and protein content. Yield component analysis revealed no consistent pattern by which the best hybrids obtained their yield advantage over their parents. The levels of heterosis and the absolute yield advantage displayed by the hybrids over the best pure line check varieties were sufficient to sustain the commercial production of hybrid wheats in northern N.S.W.
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Although the phenomenon of hybrid vigor/heterosis has been observed by naturalists and harnessed by breeders for centuries, the molecular basis for the transgressive phenotypes observed in hybrid offspring has remained elusive. Here, we first make a distinction between hybrid vigor (natural populations) and heterosis (domesticated breeding populations) and then discuss the theories of heterosis in an agricultural context, with a particular focus on the most controversial theory, single-gene overdominance. Documented cases of single-gene overdominance driving heterosis are rare, yet striking examples have been described in diverse species including yeast, plants, and animals. We argue that gene dosage arising from allelic heterozygosity in as little as a single gene can drive significant transgressive changes on growth and development, that such dosage effects are likely widespread in nature, and that special cases can be harnessed to drive heterosis in crops.
Overdominance
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In a 15 x 15 diallel set of wheat hybrids although substantially large heterosis over better parent was observed for grain yield, the standard (economic) heterosis (i.e. percentage increase over the best check variety HD 2189) was not of very high magnitude. Majority of crosses exhibited standard heterosis less than 80%, except the crosses NI5439 x UP215 and Sonalika x Mukta, which exhibited 174% and 135% standard heterosis, respectively.
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Heterosis breeding is used to improve yield quantity and quality of tomato because traditional methods cannot be used to achieve this goal. A half diallel design was used to estimate the magnitude of heterosis for yield and its yield attributing traits in tomato. Twenty one F1 hybrids were generated by using seven local and exotic lines. These 21 F1 hybrids along with 7 parents and one standard check ‘Abhinav’ were evaluated at Regional Horticultural Research Station, NAU, Navsari (Gujarat) in randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits except days to last picking and plant height in parents and hybrids, respectively. The maximum heterosis over standard check was exhibited by the hybrids AVTO-2 x AT-4 followed by AVTO-3 x AVTO-4 for fruit yield and its one or more important yield attributing traits. Hence, these hybrids exhibited commercial potential to replace the check after further testing.
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