Heterosis in F1 hybrids derived from crosses of adapted Australian wheats
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Data on the level of heterosis for grain yield under Australian dryland wheat growing conditions is essential before any decision can be made to commit resources to hybrid wheat breeding. Experiments were conducted at Narrabri, N.S.W., to determine the level and stability of heterosis for grain yield expressed by F1 hybrids derived from crosses of adapted Australian varieties. The hybrids and their parents were grown in hill plots in replicated experiments at three sowing times for two years (six environments). The hybrids outyielded their parents in each of the six environments with levels of mid- and high-parent heterosis up to 31.5 and 26.8%, respectively. The best hybrid outperformed the best check variety by an average yield margin of 18.2%. The hybrids were marginally but not significantly more stable in their yield performance across environments than their parents. While heterosis for grain protein content was generally negative, some hybrids were superior to the check varieties for both grain yield and protein content. Yield component analysis revealed no consistent pattern by which the best hybrids obtained their yield advantage over their parents. The levels of heterosis and the absolute yield advantage displayed by the hybrids over the best pure line check varieties were sufficient to sustain the commercial production of hybrid wheats in northern N.S.W.A comparative study of heterosis over better parent was carried out during 1995 in GMS based and corresponding conventional hybrids, which were generated by utilising two genetic male sterile lines viz. DS-5 and GAKA-423 and their male fertile counter lines as female parents respectively. The GMS based hybrids exhibited high heterosis over better parent for seed cotton yield and its component characters compared to conventional hybrids. The high yielding GMS based crosses showed simultaneous heterosis for seed cotton yield and its component characters like number of bolls/plant, boll weight and number of seeds/boll. However the GMS based hybrids failed to exhibit heterosis over better parent for ginning out tum except one cross, as against three conventional hybrids. The higher ginning out-tum of conventional hybrids was mainly contributed by their lower seed index values, as large proportion of conventional hybrids exhibited negative heterosis for seed index. Three GMS based hybrids viz., DS-5 x 30802, DS-5xNo.2631 and DS-5 x B-Desh are potential hybrids for exploitation of hybrid vigour ulilizing DS-5 male sterile line.
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The heterosis and heterobeltiosis were estimated for 15 grain yield, and its component traits in 27 cross combinations to develop heterotic hybrids. The result revealed that grain yield and its component showed highly significant differences for all the traits. Among the 27 hybrids, five hybrids viz., IR58025A/IRFAN-115, IR58025A/SR-6-SW-8, IR58025A/ET 1–13, APMS 6A/ET 1–12, and APMS 6A/NPTR-2 showed significant heterosis for grain yield and seven hybrids showed significant negative heterosis for earliness and three hybrids for plant height. These hybrids may be exploited for heterosis breeding and should be screened for yield stability.
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The heterosis study on grain yield and its components from line x tester analysis from 30 F1 hybrids derived from 10 female and 3 male lines. The observations were recorded on 11 quantitative traits. Analysis of variance revealed that all the treatments exhibited highly significant variation for all the traits. The result revealed that grain yield and its component showed highly significant differences for all the traits. Among the 30 hybrids, six hybrids Sarjoo-52/Swarna Sub 1, Sarjoo 52/NDR 98030135, IR-64/Swarna Sub1, IR64/NDR 98030144, NDR-359/Swarna Sub 1, and NDR-359/NDR-9803011 showed significant heterosis for grain yield and nine hybrids showed significant negative heterosis. These hybrids may be exploited for heterosis breeding and should be screened for yield stability during submergence.
Non-invasive ventilation
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The yield, grain yield heterosis and genetic distance based on SSR markers were analyzed in eight maize hybrids and their parental lines. The mean grain yield of all F1 hybrids was 11.37 tha-1. The F1 hybrid from the crosses between L4xL6 gave the highest grain yield of 12.12 tha-1. For the mid parent heterosis (MPH) grain yields of the F1 hybrids, the data showed the average value of 164.25%, and ranged from 136.72% (L4xL6) to 218.07% (L8xL2), and for better parent heterosis (BPH) from 100.70% (H4) to 212.60% (H2), averaged 137.36%. The average genetic distance among parental inbred lines of analyzed hybrids was 0.58 with a range from 0.55 to 0.61. The GD showed a positive correlation with the grain yield of the F1 hybrids (0.22), as well as with MPH and BPH, with the values of 0.12 and 0.45, respectively.
Genetic distance
Inbred strain
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Background . Heterosis is one of the most important and promising plant breeding trends. Its development will make it possible to obtain hybrids with high adaptability and a high heterosis effect in their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Materials and methods . The studies were carried out under dry conditions of the Volgograd Trans-Volga region in 2019–2020. Heterotic hybrids of table watermelon served as the research material, and hybridization and inbreeding as research methods. The heterotic F 1 hybrid of watermelon Barkhan was used as the reference. Results . The characteristics of heterotic watermelon hybrids were compared with the parental forms and the Barkhan F 1 reference. The length of the growing season in heterotic hybrids was inherited intermediately. In the average fruit weight, the reference was exceeded by the hybrids ChmsMt and ChmsFt by 1.1 kg. The highest average yield for the two years of research was observed in the F 1 hybrids ChmsNts (24.3 t/ha), ChmsFt (24.1) and ChmsMt (23.1) (reference: 20.8 t/ha). The inheritance of fruit weight according to the principle of overdominance occurred in the F 1 hybrids ChmsMk, ChmsRn, ChmsNts and ChmsMt. In their fruit weight, the same hybrids showed positive indices of hypothetical and true heterosis. The F 1 hybrids ChmsFt, ChmsNts and ChmsIR demonstrated high degrees of dominance in yield (1.8 to 5.0%). The index of hypothetical heterosis had positive results in all studied heterotic watermelon hybrids. Negative true heterosis (–0.49%) was observed in two F 1 hybrids, ChmsRn and ChmsPH. The remaining watermelon hybrids had positive true heterosis indices that ranged from 2.4% in ChmsIR to 11.06% in ChmsFt. Conclusion . As a result of the studies, heterotic hybrids of watermelon, developed on the basis of the sterile mother line Chms, were identified for high indices of true and hypothetical heterosis in fruit weight and yield parameters.
Overdominance
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Heterosis has made a dramatic impact on the developing of breeding methods and high yields in many field crops during the 20th century. In general, heterosis is greatest in cross pollinated compared to self pollinated crops and thus widely exploited for hybrid cultivar development. Standard heterosis is one of the most important parameters in commercialization of maize hybrids. A new hybrid must be superior to the standard hybrids in terms of grain yield and other economic traits. We have analyzed four coordinated varietal trials of hybrids, 3 of which were conducted at NMRP, Rampur and another was tested at NMRP, Rampur and at ARS, Belachapi, Janakpur from 2006 to 2008 in order to determine the standard heterosis of the promising hybrids. The objective of this study was to evaluate hybrids under different production domains and to select superior hybrids for commercialization. Standard heterosis was calculated based on the best check hybrids and Indian commercial hybrids. The hybrids showed significant differences for grain yields and days to silking in all the trials. Standard heterosis of the tested hybrids ranged from - 39.4 to 47.8%. Most of the hybrids showed positive standard heterosis for grain yield. Hybrids namely; RML- 4/NML-2, RML-6/RML-8, NML-1/RML-8 in 2006 and RML-57/RL-174, NML-1/RML-6 and RL-197/NML-2 in 2008 had more than15% standard heterosis for grain yield evaluated at NMRP, Rampur. Hybrid between RML- 4/NML-2 had only shown positive standard heterosis in 2007 at NMRP, Rampur. RML-4/NML-2, NML-1/RL-17 and RL-111/RL-189 were superior hybrids, which had >15% standard heterosis across NMRP, Rampur and at ARS, Belachapi, Janakpur in 2008. Seed production aspect of these selected hybrids should be studied to develop a complete package of practices for F1 hybrid seed production. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v1i0.7544 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 1: 2010 pp.67-73
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In the present investigation, information regarding magnitude of heterosis was gathered for grain yield per hill and seven other yield attributing traits using line x tester analysis involving four females (CMS lines), fifteen restorers and their resultant sixty hybrids evaluated at three locations during kharif-2003. Significant differences were noticed among genotypes, parents and hybrids for all the characters studied. Significance of parents vs. hybrids comparison showed existence of overall heterosis. Significance of parents x locations and hybrids x locations interactions suggested that parents and hybrids infracted differently with different environments. A considerable degree of heterosis in desired direction was manifested by many hybrids over two standard checks viz., Jaya and Pro-agro-6201 in respect of grain yield per hill and various component traits. Significant positive heterotic effects and high per se performance with regards to grain yield per hill were recorded by the hybrids IR-58025A x BR 827-35-3-1, IR-58025A x RTN-3 and IR-58025A x IR-46. Seven hybrids exhibited significant positive heterosis over standard check hybrid Pro-ar $ brain yield per hill.
Kharif crop
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Data on the level of heterosis for grain yield under Australian dryland wheat growing conditions is essential before any decision can be made to commit resources to hybrid wheat breeding. Experiments were conducted at Narrabri, N.S.W., to determine the level and stability of heterosis for grain yield expressed by F1 hybrids derived from crosses of adapted Australian varieties. The hybrids and their parents were grown in hill plots in replicated experiments at three sowing times for two years (six environments). The hybrids outyielded their parents in each of the six environments with levels of mid- and high-parent heterosis up to 31.5 and 26.8%, respectively. The best hybrid outperformed the best check variety by an average yield margin of 18.2%. The hybrids were marginally but not significantly more stable in their yield performance across environments than their parents. While heterosis for grain protein content was generally negative, some hybrids were superior to the check varieties for both grain yield and protein content. Yield component analysis revealed no consistent pattern by which the best hybrids obtained their yield advantage over their parents. The levels of heterosis and the absolute yield advantage displayed by the hybrids over the best pure line check varieties were sufficient to sustain the commercial production of hybrid wheats in northern N.S.W.
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Abstract Triticale is generally treated as a self‐pollinating crop and line breeding is practised. Hybrid breeding has been discussed for some time, but there is little information for winter triticale. This study investigated heterosis for eight agronomic traits in F 1 and F 2 hybrids grown together with their parents as drilled plots in three environments. On average, grain yield heterosis was 12.5 dt/ha (a relative 10.5%) compared with the mid‐parent value for F 1 hybrids, and 6.2 dt/ha (5.0%) for F 2 hybrids and withawide range of 4.4–17.1 dt/ha for F 1 hybrids. A positive contribution to the heterosis of yield was made by kernels/spike and 1000‐kernel weight, whereas spikes/m 2 showed negative heterosis. Hybrid plants in F 1 and F 2 were taller than mid‐parents (8.3 cm and 5.3 cm, respectively), with a tendency to earlier heading. The negative heterosis for falling number in F 1 and F 2 hybrids could be a problem for commercial production of triticale hybrids. By selecting parents for combining ability and the identification of heterotic patterns, grain yield heterosis of 20% appears feasible.
Triticale
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The yield, grain yield heterosis and genetic distance based on SSR markers were analyzed in eight maize hybrids and their parental lines. The mean grain yield of all F1 hybrids was 11.37 tha-1. The F1 hybrid from the crosses between L4xL6 gave the highest grain yield of 12.12 tha-1. For the mid parent heterosis (MPH) grain yields of the F1 hybrids, the data showed the average value of 164.25%, and ranged from 136.72% (L4xL6) to 218.07% (L8xL2), and for better parent heterosis (BPH) from 100.70% (H4) to 212.60% (H2), averaged 137.36%. The average genetic distance among parental inbred lines of analyzed hybrids was 0.58 with a range from 0.55 to 0.61. The GD showed a positive correlation with the grain yield of the F1 hybrids (0.22), as well as with MPH and BPH, with the values of 0.12 and 0.45, respectively.
Genetic distance
Inbred strain
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