Iodine sources and iodine levels in pregnant women from an area without known iodine deficiency
Mar Álvarez‐PedrerolNúria Ribas‐FitóRaquel García‐EstebanÀgueda RodríguezDolors SorianoMònica GuxensMichelle A. MéndezJordi Sunyer
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Abstract:
An adequate iodine intake during pregnancy is essential for normal development of the foetus. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in a population of pregnant women should range between 150 and 249 microg/l. The aim of this study was to evaluate iodine status and to examine the main sources of iodine in pregnant women from an apparently iodine-sufficient area.Six hundred pregnant women in the third trimester completed a food frequency questionnaire, and iodine was measured in urine samples. Urinary iodine concentrations were described in the whole population and in subgroups according to their frequency of intake of milk, fish, eggs, bread and iodized salt, as iodine supplements.The median UIC was 104 microg/l (n = 600), however, the median was higher among women who had a high milk intake (117 microg/l), used iodized salt (117 microg/l) or who were supplemented with iodine (141 microg/l). Women receiving iodine supplementation who also consumed more than one cup of milk per day had median UIC higher than 150 microg/l. In multivariate models, women with moderate and high milk intake had lower risk of having UIC below 150 microg/l [OR (95% CI): 0.42 (0.22-0.82) and 0.29 (0.15-0.55) respectively], after adjustment for potential confounders.On the basis of WHO criteria, the iodine status of pregnant women was inadequate in this area. Milk was the most important dietary source of iodine, and iodine supplementation was also an important source of iodine, although not enough to reach the current recommendations.Keywords:
Iodised salt
Food frequency questionnaire
Objective To understand the surveillance situation of iodine deficiency diseases in Hubei from 2005 to 2011.Methods According to Surveillance program of Iodine Deficiency Diseases of Hubei Province and Action Project for realizing the aim of eliminating Iodine Deficiency Diseases by 2010,Thyromegaly condition,urinary iodine of children aged 8 to 10,and edible salt of household were investigated.Some of the indexes,such as the rate of thyromegaly,the median of urinary iodine,the eligible rate of iodized salt,the intake rate of eligible iodized salt,the coverage rate of iodized salt,were calculated and compared.Results Since 2005,the median of salt iodine was stable at about 31mg / kg.The surveillance results of urinary Iodine indicated that the median of urinary iodine was all above 250 and the urine iodine concentration was high.Conclusions The target of eliminating iodine deficiency diseases has realized in Hubei Province.However,iodine concentration of edible salt has room for further reduction.
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[Objective]To know the situation of the iodine contents in the edible salt of the residents,and investigate the iodine contents of iodized salt.[Methods]According to GB/T13025.7-1999,the amount of the iodine in iodized salt were detected by directly titrating.[Results]The mean salt iodine was 30.9 mg/kg,and median was 30.3 mg/kg. The rate of eligible iodine salt was 98.3%.[Conclusion]The consumption rate of iodine salt is high among the community residents. The course for the test of different kinds of edible salt is different.
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To analyze the iodine intake in dietary of residents Maoming city,and provide basis for iodine defieieney disorder prevention and control,iodine in drinking water,urinary iodine of 8～10 years old children,status of edible iodized salt in families with children were investigded.The results showed that 128 water samples were in 27 towns,iodine content was 1.25～195.8 μg/L,the water median iodine 13.5 μg/L.The median of iodine in urine of children aged 8～10 years old were 164 μg/L,salt iodine from families of children 0～51.76 mg/kg.Alluvial water iodine and jianjiang river between Salt iodine and urinary iodine relationship between the appearance of inconsistency.It conclusdes in non-iodine areas,iodized salt was an important factor for iodine nutrition,the concentration of salt iodine content in drinking water should be based on the different iodine in water.In areas water iodine 20 μg/L,salt iodine concentration of 20～30 mg/kg was appropriate;In areas water iodine between 20 and 150 μg/L,salt iodine concentration of 10～20 mg/kg was appropriate.Iodized salt in high iodine areas should be stopped and reduced iodine by changing water.
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Background: Throughout all territory of Russian Federation has been confirmed absence of iodine deficiency of varying severity. Chronic iodine deficiency leads to irreversible defects in the intellectual and physical development of children, thyroid gland diseases, including such severe manifestations as functional autonomy and iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis and reproductive disorders.
Aims: To assess the awareness of Russians about the effect of iodine deficiency on health and the need to use iodized salt in food.
Materials and methods: During November 2019 we conducted an anonymous online survey about iodine deficiency and methods of its prevention. The participants of this survey were 9309 Russians of different age categories. Weasked each respondent six questions regarding their knowledge about the importance of iodine for the body and its supply sources. This study is one-staged, uncontrolled, full-designed, and conducted using Google Forms (Google LLC, 2019). As a result, we summarized data on the awareness of Russians about iodine deficiency disorders and methods for its prevention.
Results: 60.4% of respondents is using iodized salt, while the number of respondents who consider prevention with iodized salt to be unhealthy (or have lack knowledge of its effects) is related to the number of respondents who do not use iodized salt. We get that in Volga region only 50% of population is using iodized salt (the lowest level), while 62.83% of the European South inhabitants is using iodized salt. In the rest of Russian Federation, this indicator varies from 52 to 57%. There is a low awareness of the population about prevention of iodine deficiency disorders and as a result myth about the dangers of universal salt iodization are widespread in Russian Federation.
Conclusions: Awareness of Russians about prevention of iodine deficiency disorders still remains at a low level, and it is directly affecting the success of ongoing prevention programs.
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To assess the current status of, and understanding about iodine deficiency disorders among Sherpa residents of the Khumbu region of Nepal, 25 years after the introduction of iodised oil injections.Several groups of Khumbu Sherpas were studied and goitre rate, urinary iodine level and cretinism prevalence were measured as indicators of iodine deficiency. Subjects were also questioned in detail about their food consumption, with particular reference to salt use, and about their understanding of the causes and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders.The prevalences of goitre, deaf-mutism and cretinism were 21%, 1.3% and 0.5% respectively (compared to 92%, 4.7% and 5.9% in 1966). No cretins had been born since 1966. The median urine iodine concentration was 35 microg/L. Most people preferred uniodised Tibetan rock salt, although 44% regularly consumed iodised salt. All granulated salt tested from the local market contained adequate amounts of iodine. Only 11% of those surveyed knew that goitre was caused by iodine deficiencyAlthough prevalences of iodine deficiency disorders are much less than 30 years ago, iodine deficiency continues to be a major problem in Khumbu and demands a clear control strategy, combining ongoing iodine supplementation and education. Iodised salt is usually the best approach to control of iodine deficiency disorders for most regions of the world but the Khumbu experience shows that local cultural and commercial factors can severely limit its impact. To be successful, control programme for iodine deficiency disorders also needs assessment of the salt trade, monitoring, education and occasional targeted interventions with iodised oil or other supplements.
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Objective
To understand the implementing situation of prevention measures for iodine deficiency disorders before (2011) and after (2013) the adjustment of salt iodine content in Guangxi, to evaluate the changes of iodine nutritional status, and to provide a basis for future prevention work.
Methods
Monitoring data of iodized salt, drinking water iodine and iodine nutritional status before and after the adjustment of iodine content of salt was collected. Changes in water iodine, salt iodine and urinary iodine before and after adjusting iodine content of salt were compared.
Results
The monitoring work of iodized salt, drinking water iodine and iodine nutritional status was carried out in all the 109 counties (cities, districts) in 2011 and 2013. ①Drinking water iodine monitoring: a total of 4 968 water samples was tested in 2011, the median water iodine was 2.69 μg/L. Of which, 4 210 water samples below 10.00 μg/L, the proportion was 84.74%. A total of 7 554 water samples were tested in 2013, the median water iodine was 2.11 μg/L. Of which, 6 512 water samples below 10.00 μg/L, the proportion was 86.12%. ② Iodized salt monitoring: a total of 30 786 salt samples were tested in 2011; the salt median iodine was 32.30 mg/kg. The iodized salt coverage rate was 98.31%, iodized salt qualification rate was 97.36%, and qualified iodized salt consumption rate was 95.98% weighted by population. A total of 32 779 salt samples were tested in 2013; the salt median iodine was 24.94 mg/kg, the iodized salt coverage rate was 98.36%, iodized salt qualification rate was 95.97%, and qualified iodized salt consumption rate was 94.49% weighted by population. The difference of salt iodine was statistically significant between 2011 and 2013 (χ2 = 17 830.03, P < 0.05). ③Urinary iodine monitoring: a total of 8 278 urinary samples were detected in 2011; the median urinary iodine was 241.10 μg/L. Among these, 889 urinary samples below 100.00 μg/L, the proportion was 10.74%; 2 174 urinary samples in 100.00-< 200.00 μg/L, the proportion was 26.26%; 2 451 urinary samples in 200.00-< 300.00 μg/L, the proportion was 29.61%; and 2 764 urinary samples ≥ 300.00 μg/L, the proportion was 33.39%. A total of 10 988 urinary samples were tested in 2013; the median urinary iodine was 200.35 μg/L. Among these, 1 716 urinary samples below 100.00 μg/L, the proportion was 15.62%; 3 745 urinary samples in 100.00-< 200.00 μg/L, the proportion was 34.08%; 2 970 urinary samples in 200.00-< 300.00 μg/L, the proportion was 27.03%; and 2 557 urinary samples ≥300.00 μg/L, the proportion was 23.27%. The difference of urinary iodine was statistically significant between 2011 and 2013 (χ2 = 391.98, P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Guangxi belongs to an area with low iodine level. The situation of iodine deficiency disorders is in accordance with the national Standard to Eliminate Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Scientific salt iodization and sustained elimination of iodine deficiency disorders should continue to ensure appropriate levels of iodine nutrition among residents in Guangxi.
Key words:
Iodine; Salts; Drinking; Urine; Data collection
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While traditionally associated with cretinism and goiter, iodine deficiency has broad effects on central nervous system development that can occur in the absence of either condition. Any maternal iodine deficiency results in a range of intellectual, motor, and hearing deficits in offspring. This loss in intellectual capacity limits educational achievement of populations and the economic prowess of nations. Progress made since the historic World Summit for Children in 1990 has been outstanding. Approximately 70% of households in the world used iodized salt by 2000, compared with less than 20% in 1990. It is estimated that at least 85 million newborns out of 130 million annual births are protected from a loss in learning ability that would otherwise have occurred. The elimination of iodine deficiency, by expedient production, marketing, and universal consumption of iodized salt, represents a significant development effort in public nutrition. Although globally iodine nutrition has greatly improved, 20% to 30% of pregnancies and thus newborns still do not fully benefit from the use of iodized salt. Countries where success is in evidence could rapidly revert back to deficiency if vigilance is not maintained. Just as success came through concerted public-private-civic actions, making sure that this is expanded and will steadily go on requires continuous collaboration.
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Iodine deficiency is the most common preventable cause of mental deficiency. Remarkable success has been achieved by the use of iodised salt to correct this deficiency in many industrialised countries since 1920. The Government of India has adopted a strategy to iodise all edible salt in the country to overcome iodine deficiency. Universal salt iodisation is the principal public health measure for eliminating iodine deficiency disorders. Daily iodine intakes of up to 1000 micrograms, appear to be entirely safe. In India, the likelihood of exceeding this level is quite small. Iodised salt does not cause any side effects. Iodine in iodised salt does not carry risks for persons who are already iodine sufficient. iodisation of salt at the current level of fortification (15-30 ppm iodine) keeps intakes well within a safe daily range for all populations, irrespective of their iodine status.
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While traditionally associated with cretinism and goiter, iodine deficiency has broad effects on central nervous system development that can occur in the absence of either condition. Any maternal iodine deficiency results in a range of intellectual, motor, and hearing deficits in offspring. This loss in intellectual capacity limits educational achievement of populations and the economic prowess of nations. Progress made since the historic World Summit for Children in 1990 has been outstanding. Approximately 70% of households in the world used iodized salt by 2000, compared with less than 20% in 1990. It is estimated that at least 85 million newborns out of 130 million annual births are protected from a loss in learning ability that would otherwise have occurred. The elimination of iodine deficiency, by expedient production, marketing, and universal consumption of iodized salt, represents a significant development effort in public nutrition. Although globally iodine nutrition has greatly improved, 20% to 30% of pregnancies and thus newborns still do not fully benefit from the use of iodized salt. Countries where success is in evidence could rapidly revert back to deficiency if vigilance is not maintained. Just as success came through concerted public-private-civic actions, making sure that this is expanded and will steadily go on requires continuous collaboration.
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[Objective]To evaluate the results eliminating iodine deficiency in 10 counties(cities,districts),so as to provide scientific evidence for developing prevention strategies.[Methods]We analyzed the data in 10 counties(cities,districts).[Results]The management indicators of 10 counties(cities,districts)were more than 80 scores,and the qualified iodized salt consumption rate was more than 90%,the median urinary iodine among 8-10-year-old children was 100UG/L,the,and urinary iodine below 50 ratio did not exceed 20%.The 10 counties(cities,districts)were in line withgoal of eliminating iodine deficiency in the implementation of programs at the county level for examination and evaluationrequirements for compliance the county.[Conclusion]From the results of the assessment,it is showed that implementation of key measures for iodized salt iodine deficiency disorders control is in basically realized.Given the short-term external environment of iodine deficiency immutable objective fact,the city implemented various measures must be long-term performed,and sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency disorders working mechanism should be established to strengthen long-term control effect.
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