Effects of quarantine on cats and their owners
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The effects of quarantine on 16 cats and their owners were assessed by means of four questionnaires completed by the owners at the beginning of their cat's stay in quarantine, three months later, and two weeks and three months after the cats left quarantine. Changes in body condition were evident in two‐thirds of the cats during and at the end of quarantine but not three months later. Mid‐way through quarantine, the owners considered their cats were less attached to them, less relaxed, more excitable, more aggressive, more nervous and less playful than before quarantine. When they left quarantine the cats were friendlier, more affectionate and more timid, and three months later they were more affectionate, more nervous and more vocal than before quarantine. When they left quarantine and three months later the cats spent more time with their owners than before quarantine. Most owners visited their cats once or twice a month; the location of the cattery and the limited opening hours restricted the number of visits they made.Veterinary Drugs
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Regulations governing international movements of domestic carnivores from rabies-infected to rabies-free countries have recently been loosened, with the adoption of a system that combines vaccination against rabies and serological surveillance (neutralising antibody titration test with a threshold of 0.5 UI/ml). Since 1993, the Research Laboratory for Rabies and Wild Animal Pathology in Nancy, France, has analysed over 25,000 sera from dogs and cats using a viral seroneutralisation technique. The statistical analyses performed during this time show that cats respond better than dogs. Although no significant difference in titres was observed between primovaccinated and repeat-vaccinated cats, repeat-vaccinated dogs had titres above 0.5 IU/ml more frequently. In primovaccinated dogs, monovalent vaccines offered a better serological conversion rate than multivalent ones. Finally, the results of these analyses showed a strong correlation between antibody counts and the time that elapsed between the last vaccination and the blood sampling.
Rabies vaccine
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The welfare of seven domestic cats housed singly in a quarantine cattery was studied for six months. Behavioural data were obtained with cameras and by time-lapse video recording, and cortisol to creatinine ratios were measured in urine samples collected from litter trays. It took five weeks for the cats to show evidence of adaptation to their new environment. They spent most of the first two weeks concealed in a house on the floor of their cage. As they adapted, they spent less time hiding and more time higher in the cage. The cats were inactive for approximately 90 per cent of the time observed, and they received little human contact. Compared with the first day, the cats' cortisol to creatinine ratios were significantly lower from their second month in quarantine.
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Conjunctival swabs from 12 cats in a Swedish animal shelter were analyzed by real-time PCR for FHV-1, Mycoplasma felis and chlamydiae. The purpose of this study was to see whether and to what extent these agents can be detected and if they were detected from cats housed in quarantine or in the adoption department. Samples were first taken upon arrival at the quarantine and then a second sample was taken two weeks after moving to the adoption department, or upon presentation of signs of disease. The cats spent the quarantine period in two separate quarantines: five in a new quarantine (quarantine A) and seven in a room in the old shelter (quarantine B). The difference between these quarantines was that in B the cats were often mixed together ant the hygiene routines were not as good as in quarantine A. Of a total of 24 samples, 7 (29%) were positive for any of these agents, of these two were positive for two agents at the same time. Seven out of 12 cats (58%) were positive for FHV-1, 2 of 12 (16%) were positive for Mycoplasma felis and no samples were positive for chlamydiae. All positive cats except one had been quarantined in quarantine B. Five of the cats showed clinical signs of disease (sneezing and nose discharge + / - eye flow) at the second sampling. It is likely that the cats that were positive for FHV-1 had become infected at an earlier stage and activated a latent infection. This because six of these seven cats came from multi-cat households, three of these were not mixed with other cats and two of these were positive at the first sampling. Some of the cats were suspected of getting the infection at the shelter since they did not come from multiple cat homes, or were mixed with other cats. The cats that were positive for Mycoplasma felis were suspected of being infected at the shelter since they both were mixed with other cats. These cats also had a co-infection with FHV-1, which may have made them especially vulnerable. The study shows evidence that quarantine works satisfactorily when the cats were housed in quarantine A in the new building (only had one positive cat of five cats housed in that quarantine and of the seven positive totally). The study also shows that the shelter does not need to expand vaccination routines to also vaccinate against chlamydiae. Since the problem at this shelter lies in the presence of FHV-1 the preventive efforts should attach great importance to reduce direct contact between cats, careful hygiene and reducing stress in cats.
Further studies are needed to be able to draw more conclusions on the risk of being infected depending on the background, quarantine and vaccination status of the cat.
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The effects of quarantine on 16 cats and their owners were assessed by means of four questionnaires completed by the owners at the beginning of their cat's stay in quarantine, three months later, and two weeks and three months after the cats left quarantine. Changes in body condition were evident in two‐thirds of the cats during and at the end of quarantine but not three months later. Mid‐way through quarantine, the owners considered their cats were less attached to them, less relaxed, more excitable, more aggressive, more nervous and less playful than before quarantine. When they left quarantine the cats were friendlier, more affectionate and more timid, and three months later they were more affectionate, more nervous and more vocal than before quarantine. When they left quarantine and three months later the cats spent more time with their owners than before quarantine. Most owners visited their cats once or twice a month; the location of the cattery and the limited opening hours restricted the number of visits they made.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in humans since late 2019. Here, we investigated SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats during COVID-19 quarantine at private veterinary hospitals in Thailand. From April to May 2021, we detected SARS-CoV-2 in three out of 35 dogs and one out of nine cats from four out of 17 households with confirmed COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected from one of the nasal, oral, rectal and environmental swabs of dog-A (15 years old, mixed breed, male dog), cat-B (1 year old, domestic shorthair, male cat), dog-C (2 years old, mixed breed, female dog) and dog-D (4 years old, Pomeranian, female dog). The animals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA from 4 to 30 days after pet owners were confirmed to be COVID-19 positive. The animals consecutively tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA for 4 to 10 days. One dog (dog-A) showed mild clinical signs, while the other dogs and a cat remained asymptomatic during quarantine at the hospitals. SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in both the dogs and cat by surrogate virus neutralization tests. Phylogenetic and genomic mutation analyses of whole genome sequences of three SARS-CoV-2 strains from the dogs and cat revealed SARS-CoV-2 of the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7 lineage). Our findings are suggestive of human-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19-positive households and contamination of viral RNA in the environment. Public awareness of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pet dogs and cats in close contact with COVID-19 patients should be raised.
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In recent years, China's import volume of meat products has continued to hit record highs in response to the high market demand for meat products. In the whole year of 2013, the Beitang Office of the Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau examined 527, 400 tons of imported meat products and identified 286 batches(1.3%) of unqualified labels. Standardized examination of imported meat product labels is not only an effective means of safeguarding the interests of consumers, but also is the need for regulating administrative law enforcement. In this paper, based on the legal basis for inspection and quarantine of imported meat products, the authors analyze unqualified labels for imported meat products in terms of country of origin, registered producers, and unqualified label items. Moreover, considering the actual situation of the port inspection and quarantine agencies, it is suggested that the regulators should strictly deal with unqualified labeling, trace the origin, and establish a multi-pronged mechanism to supervise the whole process from the registered manufacturers to consumers. These suggestions may help ensure the quality and safety of imported meat products.
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Since the introduction of the Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) in 2000, just over half a million dogs and cats have entered the United Kingdom without the need for the six-month quarantine period required previously.
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The efficacy and safety of the Japanese rabies vaccine (inactivated) for veterinary use was investigated in cats inoculated twice as required by the Import-Export Quarantine Regulation for Dogs and Other Animals. There were no clinical symptoms or local reactions following the vaccinations of cats injected twice with one dose and three times with one dose, once with two doses and twice with ten doses. After two injections with a month's interval between them, the cats had a virus neutralization titer (VNT) of 11, 026 one month after the last injection and a high VNT of 5, 347 one year after the last injection. With two injections at an interval of about one year, the VNT increased to 1, 318 at one month after the first injection, and maintained a high VNT of 796 at the time of the second injection. At one month after the last injection, the VNT had increased to 21, 081. Based on the above results, the two-vaccination method of cats with Japanese rabies vaccine as provided by the Quarantine Regulations was considered safe and effective.
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Abstract Avian influenza A virus subtype H5N1 was transmitted to domestic cats by close contact with infected birds. Virus-specific nucleic acids were detected in pharyngeal swabs from 3 of 40 randomly sampled cats from a group of 194 animals (day 8 after contact with an infected swan). All cats were transferred to a quarantine station and monitored for clinical signs, virus shedding, and antibody production until day 50. Despite unfamiliar handling, social distress and the presence of other viral and nonviral pathogens that caused illness and poor health and compromised the immune systems, none of the cats developed clinical signs of influenza. There was no evidence of horizontal transmission to other cats because only 2 cats developed antibodies against H5N1 virus.
Subclinical infection
Viral Shedding
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