A secured chaos encrypted mode-S aircraft identification friend or foe (IFF) system
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This paper introduces a new technique for aircraft identification friend or foe (IFF). The technique is based on using a proposed Chaos Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with mode-S IFF. AES has a key size of 128 bits and a substitution-linear transformation network with 10 rounds. The sensitivity of the chaos initial condition gives the algorithm the ability to use as a second key. The first key was assigned using a soft look-up table used periodically. The second key was assigned using the date of the current day by both interrogator and the transponder. This technique gives the system more security and confidentiality which is compatible with mode-S IFF interrogation and reply messages format. It requests a new data on the reply signal. This data increase the radar performance for detection and tracking the friend targets in active and passive jamming environments. The results obtained from this technique on the simulated interrogator and transponder signals shows that this scheme can be easily implemented and provide the air defence system a secured aircraft authentication.Keywords:
Transponder (aeronautics)
Secondary surveillance radar
Identification
Mode (computer interface)
Table (database)
EUROCONTROL and other European organizations place great emphasis on the efficiency of the use of the radio frequency band 1030/1090 due to its heavy load. One of the major contributors to the load on this band is the excessive number of replies that aircraft emit as a result of "Mode S Only All Call" interrogations from SSR Mode S radars. The dominant source of these replies is the area that arises between the end of the radar's surveillance coverage map to the border where transponder minimum triggering level (MTL) is achieved. Therefore, it should be an effort that the interrogation power is optimally adapted to the set surveillance coverage map and is not unnecessarily greater. Based on the processing of replies from aircraft, the paper analyzes how large this area is and whether there is a clear relationship between the set size of the surveillance coverage map and the so-called physical range of the radar. The aim is to find out how manufacturers and air navigation service providers (ANSPs) approach this setting. The paper uses data available from the Open Sky Network portal, and the analysis is performed on a sample of selected SSR within the European region.
Transponder (aeronautics)
Mode (computer interface)
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Secondary radar systems for monitoring airspace play a significant role in the information support of airspace control systems and air traffic control. These systems provide radar surveillance of airborne objects equipped with aircraft transponders and provide two-way communication via data request and response channels between ground radar stations and airborne objects.
The paper assesses the relative throughput of aircraft transponders of secondary radar systems for monitoring airspace under the influence of correlated and uncorrelated interference in the request channel. The assessment of the throughput of the aircraft transponder shows that the aircraft transponder does not reach the maximum load included in the existing identification system under the influence of deliberate correlated interference. This indicates a sub-optimal determination of the aircraft transponder load factor of the existing secondary radar system. Incorrect determination of the maximum load of the aircraft transponder leads to a decrease in the noise immunity of both the aircraft transponder and the entire secondary radar system. At the same time, it should be noted that the interested party has the possibility of unauthorized use of an aircraft transponder to obtain information or paralyze the latter when applying interference of the required intensity.
Transponder (aeronautics)
Secondary surveillance radar
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Transponder codes are four octal digit numbers transmitted by an aircraft transponder in response to a secondary surveillance radar interrogation. These discrete transponder codes (also known as squawk codes) help with the clear labelling of an affected aircraft on radar screens. Three particular squawk codes are associated with specific situations: 7500 for hijacking, 7600 for radio failure and 7700 for general emergencies, often related to medical or technical issues. In this paper, we analyse more than 800 trajectories received by the OpenSky Network over a two-year period as they were broadcasting the 7700 emergency code. Background information about the reason of these emergencies is taken from social networks and other crowdsourced information sources on the Internet. We provide an overview of various reasons for in-flight emergencies, typical trajectory patterns and communication strategies by airlines. Based on our semi-labelled dataset of trajectories, we also train models able to suggest possible explanations for trajectories when no information is available.
Transponder (aeronautics)
Secondary surveillance radar
Code (set theory)
Interrogation
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This article discusses the basic principle of present data encryption algorithm:DES algorithm and Rijndael algorithm of AES, and makes a comparison of symmetric cryptography algorithms, then analyzes the symmetric cryptography algorithms of DES and AES. It's found that AES is better than DES in security, efficiency and flexibility.
AES implementations
Encryption software
S-box
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Chapter Contents: 15.1 Principle of operation 15.2 History 15.3 Secondary surveillance radar 15.3.1 Interrogation equipment 15.3.2 Transponder equipment 15.3.3 Operation 15.3.4 SSR issues 15.4 Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast 15.4.1 Data format 15.5 AIS transponders 15.6 Radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems 15.6.1 Electronic article surveillance 15.6.2 Multibit EAS tags 15.6.3 Magnetic coupled RFID transponder systems 15.6.4 Electromagnetic coupled RFID transponder systems 15.7 Other applications 15.7.1 House arrest tag 15.7.2 Animal tracking 15.7.3 Near-field communications and proximity cards 15.8 Social issues of RFID 15.9 Technical challenges 15.10 Harmonic radar 15.11 Passive reflected power modulation 15.12 Battlefield combat ID system 15.12.1 Combat identification: the future 15.13 Indoor localisation References
Transponder (aeronautics)
Secondary surveillance radar
Battlefield
Identification
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This paper describes a new design concept of airborne equipment of secondary radar systems. The concept allows implementing two of principal airborne systems, more exactly the Mode S transponder and TCAS, in a single multifunctional unit. This concept gives a possibility to make two times less the number of necessary aircraft antennas and achieve some other advantages. The prototype of the system is described and the results of flight test are presented.
Transponder (aeronautics)
Secondary surveillance radar
Mode (computer interface)
Flight test
Radar Systems
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When the mode-S transponder was developed, the system was provided with a number of communications capabilities. It was envisioned that a number of enhancements of the modern cockpit would use the mode-S data link. At the time of the development of the mode-S transponder, it was also envisioned that the mode-S transponder would receive a high level of penetration into the secondary radar transponder population because of mandated installation of modes. The mode-S data link is often suggested as an appropriate data link but there are some concerns about the data capacity of the mode-S system. The mode-S system already shares the 1030/1090 MHz frequency pair with ATCRBS transponders and TCAS. Since there is only one frequency pair, every user, world-wide, shares these frequencies. The mode-S system is first, and foremost, a part of the air traffic control radar system and the data link is a secondary operation. Under no circumstances should the data link portion of the mode-S system jeopardize the primary function of the transponder. It was determined that a surveillance system would be an important tool to analyze the amount and type of activity on the 1030/1090 MHz frequency pair. This tool, essentially a recording receiver, would be useful in assessing the potential problems of adding additional loading on the 1030/1090 MHz frequency pair. The receiver design is described and the results of activity tests are presented and compared to previous tests.
Transponder (aeronautics)
Secondary surveillance radar
Mode (computer interface)
Data link
Cockpit
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Implementing occupancy jamming against IFF-transponder is a kind of economic and effective method.The concept of occupancy jamming suppression area is introduced,the jamming suppression regional range of occupancy jamming of transponder against IFF system is provided,the method of drawing and calculating the jamming suppresses area is analyzed,and the influence of occupancy jamming suppression area with different factors is discussed.It is convenient for military personnel to understand and carry on the quantitative analysis of tactics.
Transponder (aeronautics)
Occupancy
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A radar as a nautical instrument is indispensable for navigation. Now, the original of radar function is changing from a positioning long range to a steady detection in short range. In these decade, it is important to surely detect a small target for short range. Furthermore, the target identification will be required. Many instruments or system would be tried for individual identification. In air traffic region, transponder system is very popular and well-known. It, however, do not come into wide use for identification of each vessel. A transponder for marine have been used for special purpose only. In this paper, new concept of the transponder with frequency shift is proposed about detection and identification for marine wide use and shown some results of trial observation.
Transponder (aeronautics)
Identification
Secondary surveillance radar
Navigational aid
Radar Systems
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