Prevalence of Rotavirus, Adenovirus, and Astrovirus Infections among Patients with Acute Gastroenteritis in, Northern Iran.
R HamkarYousef YahyapourMehdi NorooziK NourijelyaniSomayeh JalilvandL AdibiSiavash VaziriAa Poor-BabaeiAtessa PakfetratR Savad-Koohi
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The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis associated with diarrheal diseases in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran.Keywords:
Astrovirus
Acute gastroenteritis
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Objective To understand the incidence of viral diarrhea in Shenzhen in 2010 and provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of the disease.Methods A total of 925 stool samples were collected from diarrhea patients to detect rotavirus,norovirus,astrovirus and enteric adenovirus by using real-time polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR).Results The detection rate of rotavirus was highest(25.30%),followed by norovirus(20.11%),enteric adenovirus(2.27%),and astrovirus(1.51%).The detection rates of rotavirus and norovirus were high in every month in 2010.The rotavirus infection had obvious seasonality,which peaked in autumn and winter,while the norovirus infection had no obvious seasonality.The infection rates in age group of 0-2 years were significantly higher than those in age groups of 3 years.Conclusion The incidence of viral diarrhea was high in Shenzhen in 2010.Rotavirus and norovirus were the major pathogens.The detection rates of astrovirus and enteric adenovirus were low.It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of viral diarrhea,especially among infants and young children.
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Objective To investigate the etiological features of viral diarrhea among children under 5years old in Beijing. Methods The stool specimens and clinical data were collected from 604 children under 5years old with acute diarrhea throughout 2011.Group A rotavirus was detected by ELISA,human calicivirus and astrovirus were identified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),and adenovirus was detected by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). Results Among 604 specimens,the detection rates of group A rotavirus,human calicivirus,astrovirus,and adenovirus was 15.89%,18.71%,2.98%,and 4.80%,respectively,and the mixed infections were found in 27 cases.The highest positive rates of group A rotavirus,human calicivirus were found in November and October. ConclusionGroup A rotavirus and human calicivirus were the leading cause for children under 5years old with diarrhea in Beijing in autumn and winter.
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This prospective study, conducted from January 2003 to June 2005, investigated the incidence and the clinical role of various enteric viruses responsible for infantile gastroenteritis in 632 Tunisian children presenting in dispensaries (380 children) or hospitalized (252 children) for acute diarrhea. At least one enteric virus was found in each of 276 samples (43.7%). A single pathogen was observed in 234 samples, and mixed infections were found in 42 samples. In terms of frequency, rotavirus and norovirus were detected in 22.5 and 17.4% of the samples, respectively, followed by astrovirus (4.1%), Aichi virus (3.5%), adenovirus types 40 and 41 (2.7%), and sapovirus (1.0%). The seasonal distribution of viral gastroenteritis showed a winter peak but also an unusual peak from May to September. The severity of the diarrhea was evaluated for hospitalized infants. No significant differences were observed between rotavirus and norovirus infections with regard to the incidence and the clinical severity of the disease, especially in dehydration.
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Acute gastroenteritis
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Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of viral diarrhea in children under 5 years of age in Wuhan. Methods From January to December 2015, the clinical data of the diarrhea cases and fecal specimens were collected in Wuhan Children's Hospital. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect group A rotavirus, PCR was used to detect adenovirus, the reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, group B and group C rotavirus and nested PCR was used to detect GP genotypes of rotavirus. The molecular epidemiological characteristics of viral diarrhea in children aged ＜5 years was analyzed in Wuhan, 2015. Results The detection rate of the virus causing diarrhea showed that the main pathogen was still rotavirus, especially from September to November, rate of 50.3% in positive. The norovirus infection was higher during September-October, accounted for 40.9%. Adenovirus accounted for 2.0%, astrovirus accounted for about 1.8%, while no sapovirus, group B and group C rotavirus were detected. Viral diarrhea mainly occurred in children aged ＜2 years. Among rotavirus group A, G3P［8］ (37.4%) and G1P［8］ (17.9%) were the most common genotype. Conclusion The pathogen spectrum of children viral diarrhea in Wuhan was diverse. Rotavirus was the major pathogen causing viral diarrhea. G3P［8］ was the most common genotypes of rotavirus group A.
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Background. Diarrhea is an important public health concern in developing countries such as Bangladesh. Diarrhea in children that persists for 14 days or more occurs in 7% of patients in Bangladesh and frequently results in death. Astrovirus has been demonstrated as a cause of acute and nosocomial diarrhea and can be excreted for prolonged periods, yet its importance as a cause of diarrhea among children in a developing country like Bangladesh has not been investigated. Methods. We tested 629 stool specimens from patients with acute diarrhea, 153 from patients with persistent diarrhea, 175 specimens from 76 patients hospitalized for diarrhea who were sampled repeatedly to detect nosocomial infection and 428 from nonhospitalized healthy children (controls). All children enrolled in the study were <5 years of age. Astrovirus was detected by enzyme immunoassay and other enteropathogens were detected by standard techniques. Results. The detection of astrovirus increased significantly with the duration of diarrhea. Astrovirus was found in 23 (15%) specimens from patients with persistent diarrhea, 26 (4%) patients with acute diarrhea, but only 8 (2%) healthy controls. This trend remained when we limited our analysis to infants <12 months of age and to episodes in which astrovirus was the sole pathogen. Among patients with nosocomial diarrhea, 16% of postadmission specimens were positive for astrovirus when the admission specimen was negative. Conclusion. The observation that astrovirus is detected more frequently with diarrhea of increasing duration suggests the need for further studies to determine whether astrovirus plays a causative role in persistent diarrhea or is a secondary agent.
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Diarrhea is a major cause of illness and death in children worldwide; however, little information exists about the origin of childhood diarrhea in Iraq. Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus are the major causes of sever gastroenteritis in infant and young children, pattern also observed in adult. Confirmation of viral infection by laboratory testing is necessary for reliable surveillance and can be useful in clinical settings to avoid inappropriate use of antimicrobial therapy. Methods: A total of 188 patients their age range from 1-19 (Mean=5.57 ± S.D. = 4.81) years old suffering from diarrhea were included in this study. Stool samples were collected and tested for Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus antigens by using the rapid chromatographic test and for Rotavirus and Adenovirus Antigens, ELISA also was done. Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus antigens were determined by rapid chromatographic immunoassay in 27 specimens (14.36%), 0 (0%) and 0 (0%) of 188 frozen stool specimens, respectively. Moreover, of these 188 specimens, Rotavirus was found in 35 specimens (18.62%) and Adenovirus in 6 specimens (3.19 %) by using ELISA technique. The present results revealed that Rotaviruses and Adenoviruses have an important role in diarrhea among children especially those less than 5 year’s old and viral pathogens should be investigated routinely in diarrhea stool specimens. This study was aimed to determine the frequency of Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus in patients with acute gastroenteritis admitted to Al-Emamain Al-Kadhemain Medical City Hospital in Baghdad-Iraq.
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From January to December 2007, 973 stool specimens were prospectively collected from children hospitalized for gastroenteritis signs or from neonates and premature cases who were born in two French hospital settings in the north of France. They were tested by rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA) analyses for rotavirus and adenovirus and by two commercially available ELISA tests for the detection of norovirus and astrovirus. The overall rates of prevalence for rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus were 21, 13, 5, and 1.8%, respectively, and they did not significantly differ between the two hospital settings (P=0.12). Mixed virus infections were detected in 32 (3.3%) of the 973 study children and were associated with norovirus in 21 (66%) infants, including 5 premature cases. From fall to spring, norovirus infections accounted for 52% of documented gastroenteritidis viral infections at a time when rotavirus was epidemic, resulting in mixed norovirus and rotavirus gastrointestinal tract infections. Of the 367 documented viral gastroenteritis cases, 15 (4.1%) were identified as nosocomial infections, 5 of which occurred in premature cases. These findings highlight the need to implement norovirus and astrovirus ELISA detection assays in association with rapid EIA rotavirus and adenovirus detection assays for the clinical diagnosis and the nosocomial prevention of gastroenteritis viral infections in pediatric departments.
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The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis associated with diarrheal diseases in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran.
Astrovirus
Acute gastroenteritis
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A clinical case is described in this paper in that a 5-month old baby girl severely malnourished and dehydrated presented a prolonged acute diarrhoea. No enteropathogenic bacteria or parasites were demonstrated. Virological study by electron microscopy (EM) showed that the patient shed both astrovirus-like and rotavirus in the watery stool as long as 12 days after the onset. Immune electron microscopy (IEM) performed with the patient serum revealed clumps of both viruses. It is suggest that this may be a case of mixed infection due to astrovirus-like and rotavirus.
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Objective To establish and evaluate a single-tube multiplex real time RT-PCR assay for detecting rotavirus group A and astrovirus simultaneously. Methods The primers and probes were designed according to the conserved genome sequence of the 2 viruses mentioned above. A multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay was established. The stability,specificity and sensitivity of the assay were evaluated. The fecal samples from 128 patients with viral diarrhea were detected by the established assay and the results were compared through gene sequencing. Results The established multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay was specific for both rotavirus group A and astrovirus. The stability test showed the co-efficient variables was all less than 2. 0% in 2 different samples. The detection limit of this assay was 101 copies / μl for rotavirus group A and 102 copies / μl for astrovirus in one reaction. Among the 128 clinical samples detected,3. 1%were astrovirus RNA positive and 18. 0% were rotavirus group A RNA positive respectively. The positive samples were verified by sequencing. Conclusion The single-tube multiplex RT-real time PCR assay,established in this study for detecting and identifying rotavirus group A and astrovirus,is rapid,specific and sensitive and can be used in clinical etiological diagnosis and epidemiological investigation
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