Venation Skeleton-based Modeling of Rice Leaf
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Abstract:
A 3D geometrical model of plant leaf if constructed based on the morphological structure of plant leaf. The modeling method is illustrated by rice leaf as an example, which has a structure of leaf venations. We present a precise modeling method to model the plant leaf with parallel leaf venations. In the model, the leaf has apparent leaf venations and mesophyll. B-spline curve was used to generate leaf venation skeleton in rice blade and rice sheath, and then disk B-spline was used to generate leaf venation in rice blade and sheath. Furthermore, mesophyll was generated in rice blade and sheath based on leaf venation skeleton. The experimental results show that the visualization model has highly realistic effect and can also be expanded to modeling of other plants' leaves.Keywords:
Leaf blade
Rice plant
Skeleton (computer programming)
A 3D geometrical model of plant leaf if constructed based on the morphological structure of plant leaf. The modeling method is illustrated by rice leaf as an example, which has a structure of leaf venations. We present a precise modeling method to model the plant leaf with parallel leaf venations. In the model, the leaf has apparent leaf venations and mesophyll. B-spline curve was used to generate leaf venation skeleton in rice blade and rice sheath, and then disk B-spline was used to generate leaf venation in rice blade and sheath. Furthermore, mesophyll was generated in rice blade and sheath based on leaf venation skeleton. The experimental results show that the visualization model has highly realistic effect and can also be expanded to modeling of other plants' leaves.
Leaf blade
Rice plant
Skeleton (computer programming)
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Rice plants in non-SiO2 plot are inferior to those in SiO2 plot in such forms as plant height, number of living leaves, number of stems, maximum width of leaf blade and length of leaf blade, number of panicles and in the size of rice grains. In the case of culm, 1 cm lower the panicle base, the rice plants in non-SiO2 plot are also inferior in the number of vascular bundles, number and length of root hairs, speed of protoplasmic translocation in root hair, number of root hairs in which protoplasma translocate, and in the thickness of the lowest elongated internode. In the central part of the flag leaf of the harvested rice plants in non-SiO2 plot, many mobile cells took the withered-shape and vascular bundles were smaller. In the central part of the 6th internode (from the top) of rice plants in non-SiO2 plot, number of outer and inner vascular bundles and number of aerenchyma were smaller. From the above mentioned facts, it is recognized that silicic acid is available for the promotion of development of organs and tissues of rice plants.
Panicle
Leaf blade
Silicic acid
Rice plant
Plant stem
Stele
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As the result of an observation on the elongating process of leaf blade, leaf sheath, panicle and internode in all over the growing period of rice plant, a regularity of development was recognized among those organs, and a problem was proposed that the regularity is due to the constitution of vascular bundles and its ripenning process in the culm. By the way, the meristem concerning with the culm formation were studied by histological methods, with special reference to the intercalary meristem of internode.
Panicle
Plant stem
Rice plant
Leaf blade
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Abstract Introduction Absorption of nitrogen by the rice plant in relationship to its growth, and its movement within the plant as a whole have recently been made quite clear1),2. The recent advance in the analysis of the processes of rice plant growth, clarified that feature of nitrogen movement is quite different according to the portion of the rice plant. Togari3 and this writer4 reported that leaf blade is invariably higher in nitrogen concentration and quantity than leaf sheath or culm, and nitrogen moving to the ear at maturing stage is mainly derived from the leaf blade. Tanaka5 went still further, making it clear that individual leaves are different in their mode of nitrogen metabolism, which can be divided into three groups according to their position on the stem.
Rice plant
Nitrogen Cycle
Leaf blade
Nitrogen deficiency
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1. The nutritional status of rice plants grown in plots of pot culture with different levels of fertilizing was studied by means of leaf analysis. 2. Cell sap concentration of the leaf blade indicated generally the nutritional status of the plant, but not precisely. 3. There was found distinct correlatron between the N, P, or K content in the leeaf blade and the feetilizer treatment, that is, the leaf of the plant in the no N plot was low in N percentage, and especially, that in the no P, of no K plot, the relation was remarkable from the early stage of growth. 4. The results of leaf analysis agreed well with the normality of plant ripening whieh varied with fertilizer treatment. 5. The writers believe that leaf analysis is useful for diagnosing nutrient status of rice plants.
Leaf blade
Rice plant
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水稲の各葉位の葉半の葉色(葉緑素計値)は, 外葉半が内葉半よりも一般的に濃いことが明らかにされている. その要因として, 第一に外葉半は葉幅が狭く, 葉の容量が小さいことがあげられるが, 葉幅と葉の厚さに差異のない品種においても外葉半の葉緑素計値が高いので, 単なる葉の容量の差異だけに基づくものではないことを先に報告した. そこで第二の要因として吸収機能の差異が考えられるので, 内・外葉半側別に節根の量を調査し, 外葉半側が内葉半側より節根が多く吸収能が優ることを明らかにした. さらに第三の要因として吸収した窒素(N)の転流・再転流にかかわる機構の差異が考えられるので, 15Nを特定の節根に供与し, 分げつ間ならびに葉半間における転流の差異について検討した. その結果, 特定分げつの節根が吸収した15Nは, その節根をもつ分げつにのみ集中的に転流することが判った. さらに, 外葉半側の特定の節根に供与した15Nは外葉半にのみ転流し, 個々の節根は地上部の特定の部位と密接な関わりを持ち, 転流における節根の役割分担はきわめて限定的であることを明らかにした. また, 内または外の葉半の中央部の葉面に15Nを供与し, 供与した15Nの葉半間における転流を調査した結果, 同一葉半内での先端部や基部への転流は認めたが, 中肋を乗り越えて葉半間を転流することは極めて少ないことを確認した. 以上のように外葉半側ではNの吸収能が優り, しかも吸収したNの葉半間における転流が少ないことから外葉半では葉緑素計値が高く保たれると推測した.
Rice plant
Leaf blade
Position (finance)
Variation (astronomy)
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In the previous paper (No. 73) the authors pointed out that the plant type after heading has a close relation to the percentage of ripened grains under luxurious growth conditions and, therefore, the study of plant types is quite necessary for maximizing the yield of rice. In the other papers (No. 58 and 66) they also clarified that the top-dressing of nitrogen at a definite growth stage makes the plant elongate a definite leaf-blade, leaf-sheath and internode, while the restriction of nitrogen supply shortens each of them. On the basis of these facts, the authors considered that under the rice cultivation in which only basical fertilizers are applied and not top-dressed at all, if the varieties differing in the maturation period are transplanted on an identical date, the effectiveness of nitrogenous fertilizers will also appear on an identical date, as a result of it, the longest leaf-blade will be found on upper nodes in short-term varieties, while it will be found on lower nodes in long-term varieties. For examining this point, the authors investigated nine varieties differing in the maturation period for three seasons, confirming the following facts. The longest leaf-blade is found on the second node from above in very short-term varieties, on the third node in short-term and medium-term varieties, and on the fourth node or fifth node in long-term varieties. In other words, the longest leaf-blade appears on the lower node as the variety becomes longer in the maturation period. As to the length of leaf-sheaths, the upper most one is always longest in most cases. But the second longest oneis found on upper nodes in short-term varieties and on lower nodes in long-term varieties as in case of leaf-blades. Since the growth of a leaf-sheath is synchronized with that of the immediate upper leaf-blade, the second longestleaf-sheath is found on the third node from above in very shortterm varieties, on the fourth node in short-and medium-term varieties, and on the fifth or sixth node in long-term varieties.
Rice plant
Leaf blade
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Through the preliminary observation of some external characteristics of three lines (Ehl-jioou-narn, Ehl-jioou-aai, Taih-yiin No. 1) of rice (Oryza sativa L.). we know that when the differentiation of the shoot apex takes place, the distance bet- ween two adjacent of the last 3,4 leaves of the plant becomes prominently elongating. Rice and some other graminae such as wheat, millet, etc. are charac- terized by this morphological feature. The differentiation of the shoot apex of rice initiates at a definite double Oleaf period, passes through the first, second and third elongating periods of distance between pulvini successively and then emerges. There is no great external- ly morphological difference during the differentiation of the shoot apex among the early maturing or the late maturing varieties of rice. In growing plant, any central young (0 leaf) will make a chance to coincide with leaf, forming double 0 leaf. During the stage of vegetative growth, the double 0 leaf plant has two central young leaves, denoted by -1 leaf and -2 leaf, the blades of which are more slender; while during differentiation of the shoot apex the double 0 leaf plant has only one central young with compara- tively broad blade so that it is possible to make a distinction from that of vegeta- tive stage. According to this characteristic, the floresence of any variety of rice may be estimited.
Apex (geometry)
Leaf blade
Rice plant
Spots
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With a view to obtaining fundamental data for accomplishing the knowledges on leaf analysis of rice plant, the experiments dealt with the seasonal changes of N, P & K contents in the main culm, and the pattern of their accumulation and translocation. There was considered the physiological roles of the successive leaves in the growth process of rice plant. The experiments were carried out under a normal fertilizer condition (N, P2 O5 & K2O were applied 3 Kan per Tan, respectively) on a paddy field, using var. Norin No. 37, through four crops, 1955∼58. As the results obtained from the four season crops, were similar to each other in tendency the 1958 year's results are reported here mainly as follows: 1) The N% (of dry matter) in L.B. (the leaf blade) was higher than that in L. S. (the leaf sheath) & I. N. (the internode). That % became lower in order from the lower leaves to the upper ones. But, the N% in the leaf at early dates in the field (e.g. 10th leaf) was higher than that in the leaf at a later period in the nursery (e.g. 8th leaf). In the field, the N% in lower leaves (80∼10th 1.) decreased rapidly, and they came to die, while the upper leaves (14∼16th 1.) at full expansion had lower % than the lower ones, and the N% in them decreased slowly from that time. The middle leaves (11∼13th 1.) had intermediate N%. Though L.S. had the same abovementioned trend as L.B., the N% in L.S. as well as in I.N. was lower than that in L.B. 2)N accumlation in the successive leaf blades reached their maximum 1∼2 weeks after expansion, and then the element was translocated rapidly. The higher was the position of each L.B., the more amount of the N was found in it. The amount reached a maximum in the 14th L.B., and decreased thereafter, the N amount in the terminal leaf (the 16th) being equal to that in the 11th. N amount in each successive L.S. was about 1/2∼1/3 times that in the corresponding L.B., and that behavior was similar to that in L.B.. 3) It was found that N in the upper leaves was translocated into the grain, and that in the middle leaves was assumed to play an important role in the stem and ear elongation. 4) P% in L.B. & L.S. decreased from the lower leaf to the upper one successively in the same way as N%, but was higher in L.S. & I.N., which were bothconductive tissues, than in L.B. Seasonal changes of P% was smaller in L.B. than in L.S. 5) Maximum P amounts were contained in the 13 or 14th leaf as in the case of N, but P amounts were much more in L.S. than in L.B. P amounts in L.S. decreased more greatly than that in L.B. as the grains ripened. 6) With actual values, P needed for grain formation in upper leaves was found to be approximately 3 times as much as that in middle leaves, so that P in upper ones did act a larger part in ripening. 7) The behavior of K was in the same way as that of P. But unlike the case of P, on later stage of ripening K% in L.S. increased slightly, and that in I.N. did very largely. 8) Seasonal changes of K amounts were in nearly the same manner as that of P, and its translocation in L. S. & I.N. stopped at a later stage of ripening. 9) The role of K in ripening was assumed to be smaller; it was true that the middle leaves contributed to the formation of stem and ear, and the upper ones did to the full ripe of ear, but as the K amount in the grain itself was small, much of the K amounts in upper parts might be regarded to have been utilized for maturation of vegetative tissues. 1O) With regard to the translocation quotients in successive leaves, those of N, P & K elements were low in the middle leaves, but high in the lower and upper ones. The facts were assumed to be due to some special characteristics of late maturing type of rice plant and also to different environmental conditions under which the middle leaves lived, as compared with early maturing type. [the rest omitted]
Plant stem
Leaf blade
Rice plant
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Trichome
Leaf blade
Identification key
Plant anatomy
Apex (geometry)
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