Arctic fungal communities associated with roots of Bistorta vivipara do not respond to the same fine‐scale edaphic gradients as the aboveground vegetation
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Summary Soil conditions and microclimate are important determinants of the fine‐scale distribution of plant species in the Arctic, creating locally heterogeneous vegetation. We hypothesize that root‐associated fungal ( RAF ) communities respond to the same fine‐scale environmental gradients as the aboveground vegetation, creating a coherent pattern between aboveground vegetation and RAF . We explored how RAF communities of the ectomycorrhizal ( ECM ) plant Bistorta vivipara and aboveground vegetation structure of arctic plants were affected by biotic and abiotic variables at 0.3–3.0‐m scales. RAF communities were determined using pyrosequencing. Composition and spatial structure of RAF and aboveground vegetation in relation to collected biotic and abiotic variables were analysed by ordination and semi‐variance analyses. The vegetation was spatially structured along soil C and N gradients, whereas RAF lacked significant spatial structure. A weak relationship between RAF community composition and the cover of two ECM plants, B. vivipara and S. polaris , was found, and RAF richness increased with host root length and root weight. Results suggest that the fine‐scale spatial structure of RAF communities of B. vivipara and the aboveground vegetation are driven by different factors. At fine spatial scales, neighbouring ECM plants may affect RAF community composition, whereas soil nutrients gradients structure the vegetation.Keywords:
Edaphic
Arctic vegetation
Microclimate
Detrended correspondence analysis
Canonical correspondence analysis
Gradient analysis
Herbaceous plant
Environmental gradient
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Edaphic
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Detrended correspondence analysis
Canonical correspondence analysis
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Interspecific competition and plant–soil feedbacks are powerful drivers of plant community structure. However, across a range of edaphic conditions the interactive effects of these drivers on complex plant communities remain unclear. For example, plant–soil feedback studies focus on soil trained by a single plant species. We developed a method to assess effects of plant–microbial interactions (PMI) on a complex plant community. We established mesocosms with 13 grassland species, grown individually or together, in overgrazed or restored soil, with or without soil microbial inoculum collected from a productive and diverse native grassland. We assessed biomass production as influenced by edaphic conditions, interspecific competition and PMI. Furthermore, we assessed potential influences of interspecific competition and edaphic conditions on strength and direction of PMI. Our results indicate PMI drives negative growth responses for graminoids while forbs experience positive growth responses. Generally, interspecific competition did not alter the magnitude or direction of PMI‐mediated growth responses. Edaphic conditions altered the influence of soil microbial communities on individual plant growth while PMI facilitated plant evenness. In plant community mesocosms, PMI‐associated benefits were observed in overgrazed soil. However, interspecific competition overwhelmed plant growth benefits associated with soil microbial communities when plant communities were grown in restored soil. In mesocosms containing dominant grass species, interspecific competition had negative effects on species coexistence, but both positive and negative PMI partially counterbalanced this influence on plant species evenness. Understanding these mechanisms may improve our capacity to manage diverse and productive grasslands by enabling prediction of plant community composition following disturbance and subsequent restoration.
Edaphic
Mesocosm
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Classification and ordination of the plant community from the mouth of Fen River to the Yellow River were studied using field plots,and two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN) and detrended correspondence analysis(DCA).A total of 78 samples were divided into 18 associations by TWINSPAN and their community characteristics are described below.The results of DCA ordination reflected the relationship between plant community type and the environment gradient and showed that the distribution patterns of the associations were mainly affected by the water gradient of the soil.
Detrended correspondence analysis
Gradient analysis
Canonical correspondence analysis
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To provide theoretical basis for the plant ecological protection and the structural adjustment of plant community in later period,the ecological relationships between plant communities and environment,as well as species and environment were analyzed,using TWINSPAN classification and DCA ordination,based on 57 typical plant community quadrates in the Moutai water functional district.The results showed that: 1) The plant communities were classified into 11 association types by TWINSPAN classification,and they were further verified in the DCA two-dimensional ranking diagram.2) The DCA ordination indicated that soil moisture and slope direction were the dominate factor of the plant community distribution.3)The main ecological factors which affected the distribution of plant were soil moisture,light intensity according to the plant DCA sequencing result,and the diagonal line of ordination diagram of DCA indicated the substitution relation of species which exposited that there was great similarity between the distribution of species and plant communities.
Phytosociology
Detrended correspondence analysis
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Effects of 1984 and 1985 winter seismic exploration on arctic tundra were evaluated at 104 sites on the coastal plain of northeastern Alaska in 1991. Plant cover increased between initial years and 1991 at sites with low to moderate initial disturbance. All disturbed sites had species whose cover values remained lower than controls, especially nonvascular plants and evergreen shrubs. Graminoids were less affected by disturbance. At high initial levels of disturbance, impacts included (i) surface compression at moist sites, with replacement of shrubs and mosses by hydrophytic sedges and (ii) persistence of bare patches in drier sites and replacement of prostrate shrubs with grasses. Although recolonizing species were generally common in controls, forbs and graminoids not present in adjacent areas were recolonizing some highly disturbed sites. Active layers were deeper at 55% of sites but shallower at 6 highly disturbed sites, where dead sedge leaves insulated permafrost. Plant biomass and nutrient concentrations were initially higher on disturbed plots, but by 1991 differences only persisted at the most disturbed mesic plot. Previous studies of winter disturbance had predicted short-term and mainly aesthetic impacts. We found impacts to the active layer and plant communities persisting eight growing seasons after disturbance. Key words: arctic coastal plain, nutrient, permafrost, plant community, tundra, winter trail disturbance.
Arctic vegetation
Plant cover
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From a small region to global scale,water and heat are the leading factors of determining the distribution of plant species,life-form and vegetation types.But in the landscape or even smaller scales,regional environmental factors decide the structure of plant community.Quantitative classification and ordination are the important methods for studying community ecological relationships,providing a reasonable and effective way of revealing the relationship among vegetation,plant community and environment objectively and exactly.From the perspective of the pattern of community distribution and species diversity,this paper summarized the research progress on quantitative classification and ordination of mountain plant communities in china,analyzed the necessity of using quantitative classification and ordination methods to study the relationship between vegetation and environmental factors,as well as practically discussed developmental tendencies and some urgent problems in the future research of the fields in terms of the realities in China in order to play an important reference for the research of mountain ecology and the ecological relations of mountain vegetation communities.
Vegetation Classification
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