The delay selector channel: Definition and capacity bounds
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Abstract:
A new timing channel, known as the delay selector channel (DSC), is proposed as an abstract model for applications with timing noise. In this model, channel inputs are delayed by a random amount, and delayed transmissions are summed at the output. Molecular communication is discussed as a principal application of the DSC, since the channel mimics the propagation and reception of molecules under Brownian motion. In this paper, the DSC is described in detail, and a closed-form lower bound is given on capacity.Keywords:
Molecular Communication
Molecular communication is a novel communication paradigm which allows nanomachines to communicate using molecules as a carrier. Controlled molecule delivery between two nanomachines is one of the most important challenges which must be addressed to enable the molecular communication. Therefore, it is essential to develop an information theoretical approach to find out molecule delivery capacity of the molecular channel. In this paper, we develop an information theoretical approach for capacity of a molecular channel between two nanomachines. We first introduce a molecular communication model. Then, using the principles of mass action kinetics we give a molecule delivery model for the molecular communication between two nanomachines called as Transmitter Nanomachine (TN) and Receiver Nanomachine (RN). Then, we derive a closed form expression for capacity of the channel between TN and RN. Numerical results show that selecting appropriate molecular communication parameters such as temperature of environment, concentration of emitted molecules, distance between nanomachines and duration of molecule emission, it can be possible to achieve maximum capacity for the molecular communication channel between two nanomachines.
Molecular Communication
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Nanonetworks are expected to expand the capabilities of individual nanomachines by allowing them to cooperate and share information by molecular communication. The information molecules are released by the transmitter nanomachine and diffuse across the aqueous channel as a Brownian motion holding the feature of a strong random movement with a large propagation delay. In order to ensure an effective real-time cooperation, it is necessary to keep the clock synchronized among the nanomachines in the nanonetwork. This paper proposes a model on a two-way message exchange mechanism with the molecular propagation delay based on the inverse Gaussian distribution. The clock offset and clock skew are estimated by the maximum-likelihood estimation. Simulation results by MATLAB show that the mean square errors of the estimated clock offsets and clock skews can be reduced and converge with a number of rounds of message exchanges. The comparison of the proposed scheme with a clock synchronization method based on symmetrical propagation delay demonstrates that our proposed scheme can achieve better performance in terms of accuracy.
Molecular Communication
Clock drift
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In molecular communication, information is encoded and transmitted as a pattern of molecules or other very small information carriers (in this paper, vesicles are used). Nanoscale techniques, such as molecular motors or Brownian motion, are used to convey the vesicles from the transmitter to the receiver, where the transmitted message is deciphered. In this paper, the microchannel environment is considered, and the achievable information rates are compared between the use of Brownian motion and molecular motors, which are evaluated through simulation. Communication is viewed as a mass transfer problem, where messages are sent by transporting a number of vesicles from transmitter to receiver. Results are provided which suggest that active transport is best when the available number of vesicles is small, and Brownian motion is best when the number of vesicles is large.
Molecular Communication
Molecular motor
Microchannel
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Molecular communication is a promising nanoscale communication paradigm that enables nanomachines to exchange information by using molecules as communication carrier. Up to now, the molecular communication channel between a transmitter nanomachine (TN) and a receiver nanomachine (RN) has been modeled as either concentration channel or timing channel. However, these channel models necessitate exact time synchronization of the nanomachines and provide a relatively low communication bandwidth. In this paper, the Molecular ARray-based COmmunication (MARCO) scheme is proposed, in which the transmission order of different molecules is used to convey molecular information without any need for time synchronization. The MARCO channel model is first theoretically derived, and the intersymbol interference and error probabilities are obtained. Based on the error probability, achievable communication rates are analytically obtained. Numerical results and performance comparisons reveal that MARCO provides significantly higher communication rate, i.e., on the scale of 100 Kbps, than the previously proposed molecular communication models without any need for synchronization. More specifically, MARCO can provide more than 250 Kbps of molecular communication rate if intersymbol time and internode distance are set to 2 μs and 2 nm, respectively.
Molecular Communication
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An upper bound on the capacity of the nondispersive optical fiber channel is presented. This bound, which is valid for arbitrary launch powers, confines the capacity within a much narrower range compared to what the previously known upper bound provided.
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This paper considers simultaneous drug-delivery (SDD) in molecular communication-based (MC-based) targeted drug-delivery systems. In a realistic scenario, the drug-carrying nanomachines are randomly placed close to the infected site. Due to the random propagation delays in the MC channel, the drugs from multiple drug-carrying nanomachines may, therefore, not arrive simultaneously at the infected site, leading to low efficacy and resulting in drug-delivery-time errors. To overcome this error and to administer the drugs simultaneously at the infected site, we use an internal controller nanomachine to control the release times of the drug-carrying nanomachines, with consideration of the propagation delay, to achieve SDD. In this regard, we propose two SDD schemes, namely, the direct trigger estimate SDD (DTE-SDD) scheme and the indirect trigger estimate SDD (iDTE-SDD) scheme. The difference between these schemes is that in the iDTE-SDD scheme, to estimate the propagation delay, the internal controller nanomachine depends on the drug-carrying nanomachines, while in the DTE-SDD scheme, it does not. Furthermore, to study the errors theoretically, we derive the analytical model of delivery-time error, and this is validated with simulation results. We perform intensive evaluations to understand the system's behavior under different channel conditions, such as the number of molecules released and the distance. The simulation results highlight the proposed scheme's energy efficiency and robustness to the large propagation delay, reducing the delivery-time error to improve the accuracy of the SDD.
Molecular Communication
Robustness
Propagation of uncertainty
Targeted drug delivery
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This work focuses on the capacity analysis of molecular communication (MC) channel where the information is encoded in the number of the released molecules. By introducing molecule life expectancy equaling to a symbol interval, the channel is considered to be memoryless. The properties of the capacity-achieving input of this channel is deduced under the constraint of the peak released molecules at the transmitter. The capacity is computed numerically by using the cutting-plane algorithm. It is also proved that the channel capacity can be achieved through a bipolar input in a severe environment.
Molecular Communication
Modulation (music)
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This work introduces a class of molecular timing (MT) channels, where information is modulated on the release timing of multiple indistinguishable information particles and decoded from the times of arrival at the receiver. The particles are assumed to have a finite lifetime. The capacity of the MT channel, as well as an upper bound on this capacity, are derived for the case where information particles are released simultaneously by the transmitter. Two lower bounds for this capacity are also discussed.
Molecular Communication
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The large-inputs asymptotic capacity of a peak-power and average-power limited discrete-time Poisson channel is derived using a new firm (nonasymptotic) lower bound and an asymptotic upper bound. The upper bound is based on the dual expression for channel capacity and the notion of capacity-achieving input distributions that escape to infinity. The lower bound is based on a lower bound on the entropy of a conditionally Poisson random variable in terms of the differential entropy of its conditional mean.
Differential entropy
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Information Theory
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This paper investigates upper and lower bounds for the constrained capacity of a diffusive molecular communication (MC) system in the case where the information is associated with the concentration of molecules released by the transmitter. The evaluation of channel capacity for the diffusive channel is an open problem in the context of MC. Here, two simple bounds of the constrained capacity are derived for a given number of input concentration levels. Numerical results are reported for binary and quadruple concentration-shift keying considering the Poisson and Gaussian distributions, which are two common approximations used to describe the statistics of the received signal. We show that for both the two statistical channel models the resulting bounds are tight and, therefore, this means that, at least for low modulation orders, it is not necessary to resort to numerical techniques or complicated analytical expressions to guess the capacity of the diffusive MC channel.
Molecular Communication
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