Efficacy of thigh volume ratios assessed via stereovision body imaging as a predictor of visceral adipose tissue measured by magnetic resonance imaging
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The research examined the efficacy of regional volumes of thigh ratios assessed by stereovision body imaging (SBI) as a predictor of visceral adipose tissue measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Body measurements obtained via SBI also were utilized to explore disparities of body size and shape in men and women.One hundred twenty-one participants were measured for total/regional body volumes and ratios via SBI and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue areas by MRI.Thigh to torso and thigh to abdomen-hip volume ratios were the most reliable parameters to predict the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue depots compared to other body measurements. Thigh volume in relation to torso [odds ratios (OR) 0.44] and abdomen-hip (OR 0.41) volumes were negatively associated with increased risks of greater visceral adipose tissue depots, even after controlling for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Irrespective of BMI classification, men exhibited greater total body (80.95L vs. 72.41L), torso (39.26L vs. 34.13L), and abdomen-hip (29.01L vs. 25.85L) volumes than women. Women had higher thigh volumes (4.93L vs. 3.99L) and lower-body volume ratios [thigh to total body (0.07 vs. 0.05), thigh to torso (0.15 vs. 0.11), and thigh to abdomen-hip (0.20 vs. 0.15); P < 0.05].The unique parameters of the volumes of thigh in relation to torso and abdomen-hip, by SBI were highly effective in predicting visceral adipose tissue deposition. The SBI provided an efficient method for determining body size and shape in men and women via total and regional body volumes and ratios. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:445-457, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Keywords:
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The research examined the efficacy of regional volumes of thigh ratios assessed by stereovision body imaging (SBI) as a predictor of visceral adipose tissue measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Body measurements obtained via SBI also were utilized to explore disparities of body size and shape in men and women.One hundred twenty-one participants were measured for total/regional body volumes and ratios via SBI and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue areas by MRI.Thigh to torso and thigh to abdomen-hip volume ratios were the most reliable parameters to predict the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue depots compared to other body measurements. Thigh volume in relation to torso [odds ratios (OR) 0.44] and abdomen-hip (OR 0.41) volumes were negatively associated with increased risks of greater visceral adipose tissue depots, even after controlling for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Irrespective of BMI classification, men exhibited greater total body (80.95L vs. 72.41L), torso (39.26L vs. 34.13L), and abdomen-hip (29.01L vs. 25.85L) volumes than women. Women had higher thigh volumes (4.93L vs. 3.99L) and lower-body volume ratios [thigh to total body (0.07 vs. 0.05), thigh to torso (0.15 vs. 0.11), and thigh to abdomen-hip (0.20 vs. 0.15); P < 0.05].The unique parameters of the volumes of thigh in relation to torso and abdomen-hip, by SBI were highly effective in predicting visceral adipose tissue deposition. The SBI provided an efficient method for determining body size and shape in men and women via total and regional body volumes and ratios. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:445-457, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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This study examines the effects of the lungs, spine, sternum, and the anisotropic skeletal muscle layer on the relationship between torso and epicardial potentials. Boundary integral equations representing potentials on the epicardial surface, the torso surface, and the internal conductivity interfaces were solved yielding a set of transfer coefficients valid for any source inside the epicardium and for any conductivity configuration outside the epicardial surface. These transfer coefficients relate potentials on the torso to potentials on the epicardial surface. Calculated torso potentials are generated via the transfer coefficients and measured epicardial potentials for comparison to measured torso potentials. This comparison indicates whether including the thoracic inhomogeneities improves attainable accuracy in calculations relating torso potentials to epicardial potentials.
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In this study, the domestic-developed torso pattern A and the Japanese Bunka torso pattern were selected as research types to analyze the difference in the clothing fit of the torso pattern. The drafting pattern drawn with the basic measurements of the subject and the grading pattern reflecting several important measurements in addition to the basic measurements were assessed. When a t-test was performed on the sensory test score about the shape fit of drafting patterns, all two subjects had better shape fits with the Bunka torso pattern than the torso pattern A. On the other hand, in the case of the shape fit of grading patterns, subject A showed no difference between the two patterns, but subject B had better shape fits of the Bunka torso pattern than the torso pattern A. In conclusion, the body suitability of the drafting Bunka torso pattern was superior to that of the torso pattern A. In some body types, when the torso pattern A was graded to reflect the change in dimensions of each human part, the body suitability of the torso pattern A could also be improved, corresponding to the Bunka torso pattern. One of the factors that led to the Bunka torso pattern having better body suitability than the torso pattern A was the use of two darts in the front and back unlike the torso pattern A.
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Objective We aimed to assess the effects of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and anatomical site on skin thickness in children and adults with diabetes. Methods We studied 103 otherwise healthy children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes aged 5–19 years, and 140 adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes aged 20–85 years. The thicknesses of both the dermis and subcutis were assessed using ultrasound with a linear array transducer, on abdominal and thigh skin. Results There was an age-related thickening of both dermis (p<0.0001) and subcutis (p = 0.013) in children and adolescents. Girls displayed a substantial pubertal increase in subcutis of the thigh (+54%; p = 0.048) and abdomen (+68%; p = 0.009). Adults showed an age-related decrease in dermal (p = 0.021) and subcutis (p = 0.009) thicknesses. Pubertal girls had a thicker subcutis than pubertal boys in both thigh (16.7 vs 7.5 mm; p<0.0001) and abdomen (16.7 vs 8.8 mm; p<0.0001). Men had greater thigh dermal thickness than women (1.89 vs 1.65 mm; p = 0.003), while the subcutis was thicker in women in thigh (21.3 vs 17.9 mm; p = 0.012) and abdomen (17.7 vs 9.8 mm; p<0.0001). In boys, men, and women, both dermis and subcutis were thicker on the abdomen compared to thigh; in girls this was only so for dermal thickness. In both children and adults, the skin (dermis and subcutis) became steadily thicker with increasing BMI (p<0.0001). Conclusions Skin thickness is affected by age, pubertal status, gender, BMI, and anatomical site. Such differences may be important when considering appropriate sites for dermal/subcutaneous injections and other transdermal delivery systems.
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Scoliosis affects the alignment of the spine and the shape of the torso. Most scoliosis patients and their families are more concerned about the effect of scoliosis on the torso than its effect on the spine. There is a need to develop robust techniques for quantifying torso deformity based on full torso scans. In this paper, deformation indices obtained from orthogonal maps of full torso scans are used to quantify torso deformity in scoliosis. 'Orthogonal maps' are obtained by applying orthogonal transforms to 3D surface maps. (An 'orthogonal transform' maps a cylindrical coordinate system to a Cartesian coordinate system.) The technique was tested on 361 deformed computer models of the human torso and on 22 scans of volunteers (8 normal and 14 scoliosis). Deformation indices from the orthogonal maps correctly classified up to 95% of the volunteers with a specificity of 1.00 and a sensitivity of 0.91. In addition to classifying scoliosis, the system gives a visual representation of the entire torso in one view and is viable for use in a clinical environment for managing scoliosis.
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Formation of the Drosophila embryonic termini is controlled by the localized activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase Torso. Both Torso and Torso's presumed ligand, Trunk, are expressed uniformly in the early embryo. Polar activation of Torso requires Torso-like, which is expressed by follicle cells adjacent to the ends of the developing oocyte. We find that Torso expressed at high levels in cultured Drosophila cells is activated by individual application of Trunk, Torso-like or another known Torso ligand, Prothoracicotropic Hormone. In addition to assays of downstream signaling activity, Torso dimerization was detected using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Trunk and Torso-like were active when co-transfected with Torso and when presented to Torso-expressing cells in conditioned medium. Trunk and Torso-like were also taken up from conditioned medium specifically by cells expressing Torso. At low levels of Torso, similar to those present in the embryo, Trunk and Torso-like alone were ineffective but acted synergistically to stimulate Torso signaling. Our results suggest that Torso interacts with both Trunk and Torso-like, which cooperate to mediate dimerization and activation of Torso at the ends of the Drosophila embryo.
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Abstract Subcutaneous (sc) rather than intravenous administration of bortezomib ( B or) is becoming more common for treating multiple myeloma ( MM ) because sc B or results in lower incidence and severity of peripheral neuropathy and has equivalent efficacy. B or is an irritant cytotoxic agent when it leaks out; therefore, it is recommended that injections of sc B or should be rotated among eight different sites on the abdomen and thigh. However, detailed information about injection site reaction ( ISR ) has not been sufficiently documented. We retrospectively analyzed the incidence and severity of ISR following sc B or administration in 15 Japanese patients with MM . Grade 1 ISR occurred following 40 of 158 (25.3%) sc B or injections in ten patients, whereas grade 2 ISR s occurred following seven injections (4.4%) in five patients. Five patients did not develop ISR . Of note, grade 2 ISR was documented in 6 of 65 (9.2%) thigh injections but only in 1 of 93 (1.1%) abdominal injections. These data show that grade 2 ISR s were more common in the thigh compared with the abdomen possibly because the thigh contains lesser adipose tissue than the abdomen. Grade 2 ISR s resolved without any sequela within a median of 7 d. sc B or administration on the abdomen instead of the thigh should be considered, especially for emaciated patients, because ISR rapidly resolves within the interval before the next injection even if it occurs.
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The motions of segments involved in striking and throwing events are generally sequenced in a proximal-to-distal fashion (Putnam 1993). Welch et al. (1995) analyzed baseball batting using a rigid-body-link model with a two-segment torso, and indicated the importance that the lower torso starts rotation in the direction of pitcher before the upper torso, which, in turn, should start before the arm segments. Also, this sequential motion is considered to allow the kinetic link system to generate synergy between the musculature of the torso and upper extremity. Specifically, the upper torso is expected to have an important function to accelerate distal upper extremity and bat. However previous studies employed a two-segment torso model and the influence of the motions of the shoulder-girdles to the torso’s sequential action for twisting was ignored. In the present study, torso’s sequential twisting was analyzed with a three-segment torso model, and the kinematics of torso twist in baseball batting was evaluated.
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Passive dynamic walking (PDW) has received an increasing attention as a simple walking method with no or very little control, thus requiring a small amount of energy consumption. To the best of our knowledge, there are no PDW models with a torso although there have already been many studies on PDW. This paper presents the first step towards applying the PDW principle to humanoid robots by adding a torso to a conventional PDW model. The computer simulation shows that the walking of the PDW robot converges at a stable gait cycle only with a simple PD control applied between the torso and the stance leg to stand the torso up. Three attempts have been tested to reduce the torque to stand the torso up by: changing the desired posture of the torso, adding the soft leg tips, and changing the curvature of the sole. Simulation results are shown and discussed.
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