Distribution of Yeast and Mold Species Isolated from Clinical Specimens at 12 Hospitals in Korea during 2011
Eun Jeong WonJong Hee ShinWon-Kil LeeSun Hoe KooShine Young KimYeon-Joon ParkWee Gyo LeeSoohyun KimYoung UhMi‐Kyung LeeMi‐Na KimHye Soo LeeKyungwon Lee
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Background The incidence of fungal infections varies among hospitals and between different time periods. We performed a nationwide survey in Korea to in-vestigate the distribution of yeast and mold species recovered from clinical specimens. Methods The distributions of clinical isolates of yeast and mold species obtained from 12 university hospitals between January and December 2011 were evaluated relative to the hospital and specimen type. Results A total of 39,533 fungal isolates (37,847 yeast and 1,686 mold isolates) were obtained. C. albicans was the predominant species (49.4%) among the yeast isolates from all clinical specimens, followed by C. glabrata (7.2%) and C. tropicalis (6.5%). For 5,248 yeast isolates from sterile body fluids, blood was the most common source of yeasts (71.1%), followed by peritoneal fluid (9.4%). Although C. albicans was the predominant species at all but two hospitals, the rate of non-albicans Candida species varied from 71.2% to 40.1%, depending on the hospital. The yeast species recovered most fre-quently from the sterile body fluids was C. albicans (41.7%), followed by C. parapsilosis (17.8%) and C. glabrata (14.4%), while that from non-sterile sites was C. albicans (50.7%), followed by C. glabrata (6.0%) and C. tropicalis (5.5%). For mold-forming fungi, Aspergillus species (62.3%) were most common, followed by Trichophyton species (15.4%). Respiratory specimens were the most common source of molds (39.6%), followed by abscesses/wounds (28.4%) and tissues (17.5%). Conclusion The rank order of distribution for different fungal species varied among hospitals and specimen types. Continual national surveillance programs are essential for identifying possible changes in fungal infection patterns.Keywords:
Candida parapsilosis
Candida glabrata
Identification
Value (mathematics)
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Background: The incidence of systemic fungal infections caused by non-albicans species is increasing. Colonization with Candida has been identified as an independent risk factor for invasive Candidiasis. Methods: In a prospective study for 30 month, we analysed samples weekly over a period of four weeks from an initial count of 411 patients (mean APACHE-II-Score 20.8) admitted to our ICU. Swabs from nostril, throat and anus and specimens of tracheal secretions and urine were taken and cultured on CHROM- or CandID- Agar at 36 °C. Results: 41 of the patients in the study stayed in the ICU for at least 4 weeks. Of these, 24 received systemic antimycotics (mean duration 15.9 days) for proven or probable fungal infection. In the untreated group, Candida species were cultured from 29% of specimens at baseline (71% Candida albicans, 13% Candida glabrata, 17% Candida tropicalis, 4% Candida parapsilosis, 0% Candida krusei) and in 42% after 4 weeks (66% Candida albicans, 16% Candida glabrata, 0% Candida tropicalis, 16% Candida parapsilosis, 0% Candida krusei). In the group with systemic antimycotic therapy, Candida species were cultured from 66% of specimens at baseline (59% Candida albicans, 46% Candida glabrata, 6% Candida tropicalis, 3% Candida parapsilosis, 11% Candida krusei) and in 39% after 4 weeks (29% Candida albicans, 60% Candida glabrata, 0% Candida tropicalis, 13% Candida parapsilosis, 7% Candida krusei). Conclusions: Antimycotic therapy results in a reduction in Candida colonization. This is due to a decrease in the fraction of Candida albicans whereas Candida glabrata is left unchanged. In the absence of antimycotics, Candida colonization increase and the fractions of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata remain unchanged.
Candida krusei
Candida parapsilosis
Candida glabrata
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The aim of this study was to focus on the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of honey samples and ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) against Candida species. The honey concentrations - 50 % and 25 % of honey in distilled water were prepared. These preparations were tested for antimicrobial activity against five different types of yeasts: Candida crusei, Candida albicans, Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis. The disc diffusion method using filter paper discs was employed. The antimicrobial activity was determined as an equivalent of the inhibition zones diameters (in millimeters) after incubation of the cultures for 48 hours. There were not seen an inhibition zones against the yeasts investigated in the 25 % and 50 % concentration of honey samples. The analysis among the tested yeasts showed that Candida crusei was the most sensitive in 70 % of EEP, and the sensitivity of the yeasts decreased in the order: Candida albicans > Candida parapsilosis > Candida tropicalis > Candida glabrata.
Candida parapsilosis
Candida glabrata
Propolis
Distilled water
Candida krusei
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In vitro pharmacodynamic model (PDM) simulation of serum antifungal concentrations may predict the value of combination antifungal regimens against Candida sp. endocarditis. We investigated the effects of combinations of flucytosine (5FC), micafungin (Mica), and voriconazole (Vor) against Candida-infected human platelet-fibrin clots, used as simulated endocardial vegetations (SEVs). Single clinical bloodstream isolates of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis were used. All four isolates were susceptible to 5FC, while C. glabrata was resistant to Vor and C. tropicalis had a paradoxical resistance phenotype to Mica. The SEVs were prepared with an initial inoculum of 1 x 10(6) CFU/g of SEV and added to a PDM, which utilized yeast nitrogen broth-2% glucose and incubation at 35 degrees C and simulated antifungal pharmacokinetic profiles. Fungal densities in the SEVs were determined in quadruplicate over 72 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate treatment and control SEVs. Vor was the least active single agent against all Candida spp. except for C. parapsilosis, where it was comparable to Mica. In contrast, 5FC was the most active against all Candida spp. except for C. tropicalis, where it was comparable to Mica. The combination of 5FC plus Vor was superior to either agent alone against C. parapsilosis. The combination of Vor plus Mica was inferior to the use of Mica alone against C. tropicalis. The triple combination of 5FC plus Vor plus Mica was no better than single or dual agents against any of the Candida spp. The ultrastructural features of infected SEVs were unique for each Candida sp., with C. parapsilosis in particular manifesting friable biofilm clusters. In general, 5FC and Mica were superior in their rates and extents of fungal burden reduction compared to Vor against Candida-infected SEVs. Evaluation of 5FC and Mica in animal models of Candida endocarditis is warranted.
Candida parapsilosis
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Ojbective: To investigate the etiological characteristics of deep infection caused by candida.Methods: The routine methods use for identifying Candida included: inoculate on CHROMagar and Corn-Tween 80 agar、 gemma-form test、 commercial kit included API 20C AUX and VITEK YBC card、 blood culture using VITAL.Results: From May 2004 to August 2007,we separated 749 strains of Candida from deep infected specimens.The ratio of different Candida were: Candida albicans 41.79%、 Candida tropicalis 24.17%、 Candida glabrata 12.02%、 Candida parapsilosis 12.95%、 Candida krusei 2%、 other Candida 7.07%.Conclusion: Candida albicans is the most common type,but its ratio is decreasing compared with the past.The ratios of Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis are increasing significantly.
Candida krusei
Candida parapsilosis
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Candida stain is a conditional pathomycete that could be isolated from the bovine with the disease of endometritis.The 183 Candida strains were isolated from the uterus mucus of bovine with disease endometritis were used to identified at the level of generic by API20CAUX.The most commonly could be isolated were Candida krusei which accounted for 33.9%,followed by Candida rugosa were 17.5%,and the Candida kefyr,Candida albicans,Candida tropicalis were 13.1%,11.5%,8.7%.The seldom could be isolated were Candida zeylanoides,Candida parapsilosis,Candida guilliermondi,Candida fanata,Candida glabrata were 5.5%,4.4%,3.3%,1.1%,1.1%.In addition,we had also tested the active of hemolyzation in vitro of the Candida stain.Candida krusei,Candida kefyr,Candida albicans,Candida tropicalis,Candida zeylanoides and Candida glabrata display α and β haemolysis post inoculation 48 h.Candida rugosa,Candida guilliermondi,Candida fanata only display α haemolysis,Candida parapsilosis didn't display any haemolysis after incubation 72 h.Candida albicans and Candida kefyr had a higher haemolysis than others.This study lays the foundation for future study of clinical prevention and treatment of fungal endometritis and pathogenesis.
Candida krusei
Candida parapsilosis
Candida glabrata
Candida dubliniensis
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Trichosporon
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Bis acetylated hybrid pyrazoles 을 합성하여 이들 화합물에 대해 녹는점, 원소분석, MS, FT-IR, one-dimensional $^1H,-$ 및 $^{13}C$ -NMR로 분석하였다. 합성한 화합물들에 대해 in vitro 항균활성을 Candida sp. namely Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida dubliniensis 및 Candida tropicali 균에 대해 수행하였다. Pyrazoles의 페닐고리에 작용기($-CH_3$ , $-OCH_3$ , -F, -Cl, 및 Br)가 있는 화합물은 Candida species에 대해서 강한 활성을 나타내었다. A new series of bis acetylated hybrid pyrazoles were synthesized and characterized by their melting point, elemental analysis, MS, FT-IR, one-dimensional $^1H$ , and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopic data. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro antifungal activities against Candida sp. namely Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida dubliniensis and Candida tropicalis. A close inspection of the in vitro anticandidal activity profile in differently electron donating ($CH_3$ and $OCH_3$ ) and electron withdrawing (-F, -Cl, and Br) functional group substituted phenyl rings of novel hybrid pyrazoles exerted strong anticandidal activity against all the tested Candida species.
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Candida glabrata
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Candida glabrata
Candida krusei
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Some yeast agents including Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata have a role in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. We studied the frequency of both common and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in symptomatic cases which were referred to Urmia Medical Sciences University related gynecology clinics using morphologic and molecular methods. The aim of this study was the identification of Candida species isolated from recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis cases using a rapid and reliable molecular method. Vaginal swabs obtained from each case, were cultured on differential media including cornmeal agar and CHROM agar Candida. After 48 hours at 37℃, the cultures were studied for growth characteristics and color production respectively. All isolates were identified using the molecular method of PCR - restriction fragment length polymorphism. Among all clinical specimens, we detected 19 ( 16 % ) non fungal agents, 87 ( 82.1 % ) yeasts and 2 ( 1.9 % ) multiple infections. The yeast isolates identified morphologically included Candida albicans ( n = 62 ), Candida glabrata ( n = 9 ), Candida tropicalis ( n = 8 ), Candida parapsilosis ( n = 8 ) and Candida guilliermondii and Candida krusei ( n = 1 each ). We also obtained very similar results for Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis as the most common clinical isolates, by using PCR - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. Use of two differential methods, morphologic and molecular, enabled us to identify most medically important Candida species which particularly cause recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Candida glabrata
Candida parapsilosis
Candida krusei
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
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