A feasibility study of a brief coping intervention (PRCI) for the waiting period before a pregnancy test during fertility treatment
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BACKGROUNDWaiting for a pregnancy test during fertility treatment can be particularly stressful because distress and intrusive cognitions about the nature and implications of the result can reduce quality of life. The aim of this feasibility study was to establish whether a novel brief coping intervention (positive reappraisal coping intervention, PRCI) card that encouraged women waiting for an IVF pregnancy test to redefine the waiting period more positively would be acceptable and practical in this context.Correlations in family size across generations could have a major influence on human population size in the future. Empirical studies have shown that the associations between the fertility of parents and the fertility of children are substantial and growing over time. Despite their potential long-term consequences, intergenerational fertility correlations have largely been ignored by researchers. We present a model of the fertility transition as a cultural process acting on new lifestyles associated with fertility. Differences in parental and social influences on the acquisition of these lifestyles result in intergenerational correlations in fertility. We show different scenarios for future population size based on models that disregard intergenerational correlations in fertility, models with fertility correlations and a single lifestyle, and models with fertility correlations and multiple lifestyles. We show that intergenerational fertility correlations will result in an increase in fertility over time. However, present low-fertility levels may persist if the rapid introduction of new cultural lifestyles continues into the future.
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Since the end of the1990s,total fertility of the women of child-bearing age in China has been under changing standard because the government carried out the policy of controlling pop-ulation growth and developed the economy,but the economic de-velopment has not been balanced between towns and countryside,among different areas,and present fertility desire falls far short of the expectations of the government,so it is a difficult task to keep low fertility.From the perspective of factors on fertility,the reason of present low fertility and the difficulty of stabilizing low fertility,the paper points out the way of keeping low fertility.
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A life cycle model of fertility based on the quantity-quality model of fertility successfully explains changes in completed fertility in a period in which completed fertility first fell and then rose. This model furthermore accurately predicts the timing and level of the subsequent peak in completed fertility. Regressions based on Easterlin's relative economic status theory of fertility are less successful in predicting fertility over a fifteen year period than regressions based on the quantity-quality model. Upon investigation, much of the increase in completed fertility associated with the baby boom appears to be primarily attributable to sporadic wage growth.
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Reproductive toxicity
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This study used the fertility values questionnaire to investigate characteristics of fertility values.Selected 1 122 college students in Guizhou.The results showed that,in the factors of fertility numbers,fertility times and fertility qualities,male students had significantly higher scores than female students;but in the aspects of fertility needs,fertility methods,fertility desires and fertility responsibilities,female students scores were significantly higher than males.In the factors of fertility needs,fertility methods,fertility desires and fertility responsibilities,urban students had significantly higher scores than rural students';but in the others factors rural students had significantly higher scores than urban students'.In the factors of fertility numbers,fertility times,fertility qualities and gender preference,the freshmen' scores were highest;and in the factors of fertility needs,fertility methods and fertility desires,the sophomore' scores were highest;but the juniors and the seniors' scores were lower in each factor.The only child in their family of students had significantly higher than non-child in the factors of fertility needs,fertility methods and fertility responsibilities and in the fertility times,it is the oppositt.
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Since the 1960s, Taiwan has moved from the regime of high fertility to one of low fertility. There is an abundant literature dealing with fertility decline in Taiwan. However, these studies and other studies like them focus almost exclusively on female fertility. Male fertility patterns and determinants have largely been ignored. This chapter brings men into the analysis when studying the fertility transition in Taiwan. It compares male and female fertility patterns and determinants in Taiwan and in 23 sub-regions of Taiwan. The results show that male fertility differs from female fertility in both rates and determinants. The findings remind researchers to take men into consideration in fertility studies and suggest that fertility theories explaining male fertility changes may need to be constructed.
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Based on a base-line survey of the fertility desires and fertility behavior in Jiangsu province, this paper explores the differences of fertility desires of the only child and non-only child through the method of cross tabulations and multiple linear regression. Analytical results suggest that there is no significant differences on the desired fertility number, desired fertility sex and desired fertility age between the only child and the non-only child.
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A life cycle model of fertility based on the quantity-quality model of fertility successfully explains changes in completed fertility in a period in which completed fertility first fell and then rose. This model furthermore accurately predicts the timing and level of the subsequent peak in completed fertility. Regressions based on Easterlin's relative economic status theory of fertility are less successful in predicting fertility over a fifteen year period than regressions based on the quantity-quality model. Upon investigation, much of the increase in completed fertility associated with the baby boom appears to be primarily attributable to sporadic wage growth.
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The analysis of this chapter moves to an empirical investigation of male fertility as compared to female fertility at the aggregate level. The chapter studies male fertility, measured by the total fertility rate (TFR) and the age-specific fertility rate (ASFR), as compared to female fertility in 43 countries and places during 1990–1998. Several important findings emerge from the analysis. The most important finding drawn from this chapter is that a TFR value of 2,200 or replacement-level fertility defines the correlation of male and female fertility at the aggregate level. The significance of this finding is discussed in a greater detail in the chapter. Moreover, the chapter exhibits that the male and female age-specific fertility differentials can interact with the level of total fertility. In terms of male and female age-specific fertility differentials, a greater fertility variation is shown to occur among females than among males at younger age groups. This result challenges the general statement of previous research that male fertility varies to a greater extent than female fertility. In the end, the chapter proposes several rationales to elucidate why male fertility rates differ from those of females in a variety of societies.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze whether parents' fertility behavior may be an important determinant of the future fertility outcomes of their children in Spain. To address this issue, we use data from the Survey of Living Conditions. Our results confirm the intergenerational transmission of fertility behavior in Spain. The higher the parents’ number of children, the higher the number of children that individuals have. We find that individuals from regions where parents have few children may have 0.02 fewer children, because of differences in parental fertility, than those individuals living in regions whose parents have a large number of children, which represents 7% of the difference in fertility across regions.
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