A new group of endophytes in European grasses
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Summary Poaceae of subfamily Festucoideae frequently harbour endophytic, symbiotic fungi in their aerial parts. Isolations were made from 21 different species of Poaceae, belonging mainly to the genera Lolium and Festuca. Pure cultures of 45 fungal isolates were obtained. Morphology, isozyme and molecular analysis showed the presence of three groups of endophytes. Most of the isolates could be accommodated with the previously described species of Neotyphodium and Epichloë (the e endophytes). Two new endophytes isolated from Koeleria cristata and Melica ciliata were shown to belong to this group. Gliocladium like and Phialophora like isolates were obtained from Lolium perenne and Festuca gigantea respectively (the p endophytes). Nine isolates especially those from annual Lolium produced rod like conidia. These isolates belong to Acremonium sensu stricto and are morphologically similar to Acremonium chilense.Keywords:
Acremonium
Endophyte
Festuca
Neotyphodium
Lolium
Mycology
Festuca arundinacea
The resistances to drought and heat of Lolium hybridum×Festuca arundinacea Scherb and progenies were studied from May to Novermber in 1993 in Nanjing. the F1 hybrid and festuca show very strong resistance to drought and heat, the resistance indexs are 3.99 for the F1 hybrid and 3.68 for Festuca, their over-summer percentages are 100 and 93.70 respectively. Lolium easly suffers from drought and high tenperature, its resistance index is lower. the resistance indexs of two strains are higher than that of Lolium, but lower that of Festuca and F1 hybrid. These results show the resistances to drought and heat of Lolium can be improved by Lolium×Festuca.
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca
Lolium
Drought Resistance
Heat Resistance
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Abstract Meiotic observations of 56‐chromosome plants of the C 1 , C 2 and C 3 generations of the amphidiploid Lolium multiflorum × Festuca arundinacea showed that most of the chromosomes paired as bivalents. However, uni‐ and multivalents were frequently observed. No difference in meiotic regularity and stability could be detected between the different generations. The average chromosome number and; the percentage of 56‐chromosome plants decreased with increasing generations. The direct use of the 56‐chromosome amphidiploids of L. multiflorum and F. arundinacea in a breeding programme appears to be quite difficult, but these plants can be used in a backcross programme with Lolium and Festuca.
Festuca arundinacea
Lolium multiflorum
Festuca
Lolium
Chromosome number
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Festuca arundinacea
Lolium multiflorum
Festuca
Lolium
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Summary In order to improve knowledge of Neotyphodium‐likc fungi in European grasses, microscopic detection of endophytic mycelium was achieved in living grasses and in seeds. Samples of grasses were gathered near permanent pastures or along paths in France (93 samples, 13 genera, 22 species). Typical convoluted mycelium was found inside leaf sheaths of four genera, especially in Festuca and Lolium spp. The results suggest that endophytes were present most often in the southern regions where plants may suffer from summer drought. Endophytes were looked for in 489 seed samples (63 genera, 237 species) received from 24 European botanical gardens. Neotyphodium was found in seeds of only six genera (22 species), especially in Festuca (15 species) and Lolium (three species). No endophytic mycelium was found in the other 215 species, although other work had demonstrated the presence of the fungus in 39 of the species analysed. Neotyphodium‐likc mycelium was detected for the first time in Festuca juncifolia, F. trachyphylla, F. vaginata, F. pseudodalmatica, F. rupicaprina, F. arenaria, Vulpia ciliata and Micropyrum tenellum. Further studies are needed for the correct identification of the Neotyphodium species observed.
Neotyphodium
Festuca
Endophyte
Lolium
Mycology
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Key words horse - intoxication - Festuca-Lolium complex - endophyte - Neotyphodium
Neotyphodium
Lolium
Festuca
Endophyte
Festuca arundinacea
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In a field experiment the chlorophyll (a+b) (SPAD readings) and nitrogen contents of three grass species (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Lolium perenne L., and Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and three intergeneric hybrids of Festuca pratensis Huds. × Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. × Lolium multiflorum Lam. were measured. Close relationships were found between SPAD readings and nitrogen leaf content (r 2 = 0.873** 0.491** and 0.938**) for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cut, respectively. SPAD readings and N contents were closely correlated (r = 0.836**) confirming that SPAD measurements could be used in grass selection and/or breeding for high N concentration in herbage.
Festuca arundinacea
Lolium multiflorum
Festuca
Lolium
Festuca pratensis
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Citations (66)
Summary Poaceae of subfamily Festucoideae frequently harbour endophytic, symbiotic fungi in their aerial parts. Isolations were made from 21 different species of Poaceae, belonging mainly to the genera Lolium and Festuca. Pure cultures of 45 fungal isolates were obtained. Morphology, isozyme and molecular analysis showed the presence of three groups of endophytes. Most of the isolates could be accommodated with the previously described species of Neotyphodium and Epichloë (the e endophytes). Two new endophytes isolated from Koeleria cristata and Melica ciliata were shown to belong to this group. Gliocladium like and Phialophora like isolates were obtained from Lolium perenne and Festuca gigantea respectively (the p endophytes). Nine isolates especially those from annual Lolium produced rod like conidia. These isolates belong to Acremonium sensu stricto and are morphologically similar to Acremonium chilense.
Acremonium
Endophyte
Festuca
Neotyphodium
Lolium
Mycology
Festuca arundinacea
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The effect of Neotyphodium endophytes on growth parameters and zinc (Zn) tolerance and uptake was studied in two grass species of Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne. Plants were grown under different Zn concentrations (control, 200, 400, 800, and 1800 mg kg−1) in potted soil for 5 months. The results showed that the number of plant tillers was 85 and 51% greater in endophyte infected Festuca (FaEI) and Lolium (LpEI), respectively, compared to their endophyte free (EF) plants. Roots and shoots dry weights in infected Festuca were 87 and 9% greater than non-infected counterparts but in opposite, EF Lolium had 47 and 8% greater root and shoot dry weights than LpEI. Endophyte infected Festuca and Lolium improved chlorophyll fluorescence as Fv/Fm at high concentrations of Zn, showing their better chlorophyll functions and significant reduction of Zn stress in endophyte infected plants. Shoots of endophyte infectedFestuca had 82% greater concentration of Zn than EF Festuca when grown in soil containing 1800 mg kg−1 Zn. Festuca and Lolium may tolerate high Zn concentration in soil without reduction in shoot and root growth. Endophyte infection in Festuca may help the grass accumulate and transport more Zn in aboveground parts under Zn-stress, thereby aiding phytoremediation of contaminated soils.
Festuca arundinacea
Neotyphodium
Endophyte
Festuca
Lolium
Festuca rubra
Lolium multiflorum
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Festuca arundinacea
Festuca
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium
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Abstract New opportunities for plant breeding using androgenesis in Lolium × Festuca hybrids have been identified. Plants derived by anther culture from a Lolium multiflorum × Festuca arundinacea (5x) hybrid were screened for freezing‐tolerance, and their post‐freezing recovery compared. The androgenic population showed extreme diversity in freezing‐tolerance. While the majority of androgenic plants had inferior freezing‐tolerance compared with the freezing‐sensitive L. multiflorum parent, 6% of the population were more freezing resistant than the freezing‐tolerant Festuca parent. Novel Lolium and Festuca gene combinations resulting from rare meiotic events were recovered within the androgenic population. The two most freezing‐tolerant androgenic plants carried virtually the entire F. pratensis subgenome of F. arundinacea. F. pratensis is known to carry genes for freezing‐tolerance and would be expected to be the primary source of genes governing this trait within the F. arundinacea genome. The most freezing‐tolerant androgenic plants were more freezing‐tolerant than the hybrid plant from which they were derived. Consequently, androgenesis was also effective in removing factor(s) reducing the expression of freezing‐tolerance within the L. multiflorum × F. arundinacea (5x) hybrid.
Festuca arundinacea
Lolium multiflorum
Festuca
Lolium
Festuca pratensis
Freezing tolerance
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