GENETICS OF RESISTANCE TO WHEAT LEAF RUST
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Leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) is the most widespread and regularly occurring rust on wheat. Genetic resistance is the most economical method of reducing yield losses due to leaf rust. To date, 46 leaf rust resistance genes have been designated and mapped in wheat. Resistance gene expression is dependent on the genetics of host-parasite interaction, temperature conditions, plant developmental stage, and interaction between resistance genes with suppressors or other resistance genes in the wheat genomes. Genes expressed in seedling plants have not provided long-lasting effective leaf rust resistance. Adult-plant resistance genes Lr13 and Lr34 singly and together have provided the most durable resistance to leaf rust in wheat throughout the world. Continued efforts to isolate, characterize, and map leaf rust resistance genes is essential given the ability of the leaf rust fungus to overcome deployed resistance genes.Keywords:
Rust (programming language)
Puccinia recondita
Wheat leaf rust
Puccinia
Stripe rust
Several durum wheat (Triticitm durum) cultivars exhibiting susceptible or moderately susceptible reactions to the leaf rust fungus (Puccinia recondita tritici) were evaluated for slow rusting. Percentage severity and reactions for P. recondita tritici on each cultivar were evaluated periodically after initial infection. Logit analysis of disease progress curves was used to compare cultivars. The durum wheats consistently exhibited low rust severities in the field. The durums were always characterized by lower infection rates than the susceptible bread wheat cultivar Thatcher (Triticum aestivum). The area under the disease progress curve was smaller for the durum wheats than for Thatcher. The high correlation between apparent infection rate and the final rust severity indicated that final rust severity could be used as an indication of infection rate. The high correlation coefficient for the apparent infection rate between the two top leaves indicated that either leaf would provide an accurate evaluation of the cultivar. Yields of the durum wheat cultivars were not increased by controlling leaf rust. Yields of the susceptible bread wheat cultivar Thatcher were significantly increased by controlling leaf rust. The slow rusting displayed by the durum wheat cultivars studied apparently provide adequate protection against leaf rust under North Dakota conditions.
Puccinia recondita
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Wheat leaf rust
Stripe rust
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Rust (programming language)
Puccinia recondita
Wheat leaf rust
Common wheat
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Wheat is the world's third big crop producing 600 million tonnes yearly. For example, wheat harvest in 2007 was 607 million tonnes compared to rice and maize production of rice was 652 million tonnes and production of maize was 785 million tonnes. Although, due to fungus diseases, we lose 10% of our crops yearly. Leaf rust (Lr), Stripe rust (Sr), and yellow rust (Yr) are the three types of rust that are present in wheat. In this article, we discussed leaf rust and its resistance genes. Leaf rust is also known as “Brown Rust”. This disease is caused by the fungus Puccinia recondita f. sp tritici, which is the most serious in common wheat (Triticum aestivum). These fungal pathogen-caused resistance genes degrade the amount and quality of wheat fields. Leaf rust is primarily found on leaves, but it can also infect glumes. Scientists studying the illness have discovered that there are many types of resistance genes present in Leaf rust, which is also known as Lr. Until today there are 80 resistance genes have been discovered in leaf rust (Lr). So, the resistance genes Lr1 to Lr3ka, Lr10 to Lr13, Lr14b to Lr17b, Lr20, Lr22b, Lr27, Lr30, Lr31, Lr33, Lr34, Lr46, Lr48, Lr49, Lr52, Lr60, Lr67 to Lr70, Lr73 to Lr75, Lr78 and Lr80 theses all resistance genes of leaf rust (Lr) present in wheat (Triticum aestivum). These genes, Lr9 and Lr76 were discovered in (Aegilops umbellulate). Lr14a is a subset of Lr14 (Triticum dicoccum). Lr18 and Lr50 (Triticum timopheevii). Lr19, Lr24, Lr29 (Thinopyrum ponticum). Lr21, Lr22a, Lr32, Lr39, Lr42 (Aegilops tauschii). Lr23, Lr61 and Lr72 are different LRs (Triticum turgidum ssp. Durum). Lr25, Lr26, and Lr45 (Secale cereale). Lr28, Lr35, Lr36, Lr47, Lr51, Lr66 (Aegilops speltoides). Lr37 is an abbreviated form of the word (Triticum ventricosum). Lr38 is a slang name for a (Thinopyrum intermedium). Lr44, Lr65 and Lr71 (Triticum aestivum spelta). Lr53 and Lr64 (Triticum dicoccides). Lr54 is the resistance gene assigned to (Aegilops kotschyi). Lr55 is slang (Elymus trachycaulis). Lr56(Aegilops sharonensis). Lr57(Aegilops geniculate). Lr58(Aegilops triuncialis). Lr59(Aegilops peregrina). Lr62 (Aegilops neglecta). Lr63 (Triticum monococcum). Lr77 (Santa Fe). Lr79 (Triticum durum). Different varieties of wheat include these resistance genes. These resistance genes were identified because farmers don’t use spares or toxic chemicals on wheat. After all, these chemicals affect human health, so these resistance genes were identified to save human health.
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Puccinia recondita
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The two approaches used to assess the effects of infection with stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici) and leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm.) on the estimation of genotype-environment interaction for yield in wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em Thell., showed that rust infection is an important consideration. The results suggest that much of the genotype-environment interaction in quantitative traits may be due to rather simply inherited traits.
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Puccinia
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In 1995 leaf rust of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici was first observed on June 16 in winter wheat fields in southern Manitoba. Warm summer temperatures with frequent dew periods favoured spread of the disease in spring wheat fields throughout southern Manitoba in 1995. High levels of infection were found on wheat cultivars that had only resistance gene Lr13. Wheat cultivars with Lr13 and Lr34 had moderate levels of rust infection, while cultivars with Lr13 or Lr34 plus either Lr21 or Lr16 had very little leaf rust. Forty-six virulence phenotypes of P.r. tritici were identified in 1995 using 16 near-isogenic Thatcher differential lines. Phenotypes with virulence to Lr16 were detected in Manitoba and Saskatchewan for the first time since 1988. Selected isolates were also tested for virulence on adult-plants of isogenic lines with Lr13, Lr34, and Lr13,34. Most isolates were virulent to isolines with Lr13, while all isolates had lower infection type and fewer uredinia on isolines with Lr34 or Lr13,34. Continued increase of virulence to genes Lr13 and Lr16 may erode the leaf rust resistance of recently released western Canada spring wheats.
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Stem rust
Puccinia recondita
Puccinia
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Wheat leaf rust
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Compound 4-n-butyl-1,2,4-triazole was demonstrated as an enduring and selective systemic fungicide for the control of wheat leaf rust by foliar and soil applications. Among several species of rust fungi treated, only wheat leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob.) was controlled. Wheat stem rust, for example, was unaffected by either soil or foliar applications.
Puccinia recondita
Wheat leaf rust
Rust (programming language)
Puccinia
Stem rust
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Triadimefon
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Puccinia recondita
Rust (programming language)
Wheat leaf rust
Puccinia
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Leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) is the most widespread and regularly occurring rust on wheat. Genetic resistance is the most economical method of reducing yield losses due to leaf rust. To date, 46 leaf rust resistance genes have been designated and mapped in wheat. Resistance gene expression is dependent on the genetics of host-parasite interaction, temperature conditions, plant developmental stage, and interaction between resistance genes with suppressors or other resistance genes in the wheat genomes. Genes expressed in seedling plants have not provided long-lasting effective leaf rust resistance. Adult-plant resistance genes Lr13 and Lr34 singly and together have provided the most durable resistance to leaf rust in wheat throughout the world. Continued efforts to isolate, characterize, and map leaf rust resistance genes is essential given the ability of the leaf rust fungus to overcome deployed resistance genes.
Rust (programming language)
Puccinia recondita
Wheat leaf rust
Puccinia
Stripe rust
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Citations (400)