Novel rotation angle for quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes
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Recently, various space-time block coding (STBC) schemes have been developed to take advantage of the MIMO communication channel. The code designs using the pair-wise error probability of the maximum likelihood (ML) detector are based mainly on the rank and the determinant criteria. In particular, the current STBC designs focus on full diversity and the non-vanishing determinant, since such codes enable the optimal tradeoff of diversity and multiplexing gains. In this paper, we consider a coherent communication system equipped with multiple transmitter antennas and a single receiver antenna, i.e., a MISO system. For such systems, Afarkhani, Tirkkonen-Boariu-Hottinen, and Papadias-Foschini proposed the quasi-orthogonal STBC designs with fast ML decoding. Su and Xia designed the rotated quasi-orthogonal STBCs enabling full diversity and optimal coding gain. However, the nearest neighbor number per symbol for this code tends to infinity when the size of constellation is large. Here, we explore a novel criterion to design rotated quasi-orthogonal STBCs. In addition to both maximizing the rank and the coding gain, our design attempts to make the average number of the nearest neighbors as small as possible.Keywords:
Space–time block code
Coding gain
Diversity gain
Transmit diversity
In 3GPP FDD specifications, space time transmit diversity (STTD) employs space-time block code (STBC) to maintain orthogonality between the two antennas in order to avoid self-interference in fading channels. However, the STTD technique is just open loop transmit diversity, and we investigate whether we can obtain further gain if closed loop STBC is used. A novel scheme based on closed loop STBC is proposed first. And then an optimized allocation scheme of a fixed transmitter power budget between two transmit antennas is presented. Finally, COSSAP simulation results show a significant performance improvement between closed loop STBC and traditional STBC. Moreover, these simulation results also show a good agreement with our theoretical analyses.
Space–time block code
Transmit diversity
Orthogonality
Transmitter power output
Diversity gain
Code (set theory)
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Diversity-embedding space-time block coding (DE-STBC), introduced in the work of Diggavi et al. (2003), enables unequal error protection (UEP) using multiple transmit antennas. Even though these codes do not require channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter, they do need it at the receiver for decoding. A novel differential DE-STBC scheme is proposed in this paper to eliminate the need for channel estimation at the receiver which is especially costly with multiple transmit and receive antennas. Most previously proposed differential schemes in the literature are based on orthogonal STBC and hence are not applicable to the non- orthogonal family of DE-STBC considered in this paper.
Space–time block code
Transmit diversity
Differential coding
Channel state information
Antenna diversity
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There has been considerable research on the design of space-time block codes (STBCs) that guarantee full diversity without sacrificing the data rate. The main challenge is to max- imize the coding gain by maximizing the determinant criterion. It is shown that the most of previous STBCs with full rate and full diversity order (FRFD) (e.g. threaded algebraic space-time (TAST) codes) are constructed via a unitary generator matrix. However, the unitary matrix has been represented using only a small number parameters to enable algebraic code design. In this paper, for a 2 × 2 STBC, we use a more general unitary matrix with a large number of parameters for STBC design. We obtain an upper bound on the coding gain and show that the maximum coding gain is attainable only with PAM signaling. Since optimum parameters for the case of QAM signaling is analytically intractable, we search using the genetic algorithm (GA) method. We also use the union bound criterion for code parameter search by GA. Our simulation results show that with both criteria, the optimum code for QAM signaling is the Golden code. The proposed code significantly outperforms other existing STBCs with the gains about 2 dB at a symbol error rate of 10 −3 for BPSK and 4-PAM. The proposed code performs identically to the Golden code for QAM.
Space–time block code
Coding gain
Diversity gain
QAM
Constant-weight code
Full Rate
Code (set theory)
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The main objective of a Cooperative Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (CMIMO) system is to improve network throughput and network coverage and save energy. By grouping wireless devices as virtual multi-antenna nodes, it can thus simulate the functions of multi-antenna systems. A Space-Time Block Code (STBC) was proposed to utilize the spatial diversity of MIMO systems to improve the diversity gain and coding gain. In this paper, we proposed a cooperative strategy based on STBC and CMIMO, which is referred to as Space-Time Block Coded Cooperative Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (STBC-CMIMO) to inherit the advantages from both STBC and CMIMO. The theoretical performance analysis for the proposed STBC-CMIMO is presented. The performance advantages of the STBC-CMIMO are also shown by simulations. In the simulations, it is demonstrated that STBC-CMIMO can obtain significant performance compared with the existing CMIMO system.
Space–time block code
Diversity gain
Antenna diversity
Transmit diversity
Coding gain
Cooperative Diversity
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The paper presents performance comparison of different Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) used in wireless Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems to assure spatial diversity at the transmitter. We compare Alamouti, Tarokh / Jafarkhani / Calderbank and Larsson / Stoica codes. The simulations results confirm that increasing the number of transmit / receive antennas the error rate decreases. Also, for the same number of transmit antennas, codes having zeros in the transmission matrix offer worst performance than those with full matrix.
Space–time block code
Transmit diversity
Antenna diversity
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Recently, various space-time block coding (STBC) schemes have been developed to take advantage of the MIMO communication channel. The code designs using the pair-wise error probability of the maximum likelihood (ML) detector are based mainly on the rank and the determinant criteria. In particular, the current STBC designs focus on full diversity and the non-vanishing determinant, since such codes enable the optimal tradeoff of diversity and multiplexing gains. In this paper, we consider a coherent communication system equipped with multiple transmitter antennas and a single receiver antenna, i.e., a MISO system. For such systems, Afarkhani, Tirkkonen-Boariu-Hottinen, and Papadias-Foschini proposed the quasi-orthogonal STBC designs with fast ML decoding. Su and Xia designed the rotated quasi-orthogonal STBCs enabling full diversity and optimal coding gain. However, the nearest neighbor number per symbol for this code tends to infinity when the size of constellation is infinity. Here, we explore a novel criterion to design rotated quasi-orthogonal STBCs. In addition to both maximizing the rank and the coding gain, our design attempts to make the average number of the nearest neighbors as small as possible.
Space–time block code
Coding gain
Diversity gain
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Citations (2)
A double space-time transmit diversity (DSTTD) system employs four transmit antennas to multiplex two Alamouti space-time block code (STBC) units. In this letter, a specially-designed canceling mechanism is presented, which can efficiently separate the two STBC units for such systems. We show that the orthogonal structure, and so the merit of Alamouti STBC, can be kept. Compared with some previous interference cancelation methods, the proposed one requires much fewer floating-point operations (flops) while achieving similar error-rate performance.
Space–time block code
Transmit diversity
Full Rate
Code (set theory)
Antenna diversity
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Citations (25)
Recently, various space-time block coding (STBC) schemes have been developed to take advantage of the MIMO communication channel. The code designs using the pair-wise error probability of the maximum likelihood (ML) detector are based mainly on the rank and the determinant criteria. In particular, the current STBC designs focus on full diversity and the non-vanishing determinant, since such codes enable the optimal tradeoff of diversity and multiplexing gains. In this paper, we consider a coherent communication system equipped with multiple transmitter antennas and a single receiver antenna, i.e., a MISO system. For such systems, Afarkhani, Tirkkonen-Boariu-Hottinen, and Papadias-Foschini proposed the quasi-orthogonal STBC designs with fast ML decoding. Su and Xia designed the rotated quasi-orthogonal STBCs enabling full diversity and optimal coding gain. However, the nearest neighbor number per symbol for this code tends to infinity when the size of constellation is large. Here, we explore a novel criterion to design rotated quasi-orthogonal STBCs. In addition to both maximizing the rank and the coding gain, our design attempts to make the average number of the nearest neighbors as small as possible.
Space–time block code
Coding gain
Diversity gain
Transmit diversity
Cite
Citations (3)
There has been considerable research on the design of space-time block codes (STBCs) that guarantee full diversity without sacrificing the data rate. The main challenge is to maximize the coding gain by maximizing the determinant criterion. It is shown that the most of previous STBCs with full rate and full diversity order (FRFD) (e.g. threaded algebraic space-time (TAST) codes) are constructed via a unitary generator matrix. However, the unitary matrix has been represented using only a small number parameters to enable algebraic code design. In this paper, for a 2 times 2 STBC, we use a more general unitary matrix with a large number of parameters for STBC design. We obtain an upper bound on the coding gain and show that the maximum coding gain is attainable only with PAM signaling. Since optimum parameters for the case of QAM signaling is analytically intractable, we search using the genetic algorithm (GA) method. We also use the union bound criterion for code parameter search by GA. Our simulation results show that with both criteria, the optimum code for QAM signaling is the Golden code. The proposed code significantly outperforms other existing STBCs with the gains about 2 dB at a symbol error rate of 10 for BPSK and 4-PAM. The proposed code performs identically to the Golden code for QAM.
Space–time block code
Coding gain
Diversity gain
QAM
Constant-weight code
Code (set theory)
Transmit diversity
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Citations (8)
In this paper, new space time/frequency block coding (STBC/SFBC) scheme with angle feedback for 4-transmit antennas is proposed. This scheme achieves the full diversity gain with the full code rate by rotating constellation symbols in STBC/SFBC codewords using the quasi-orthogonal structure. With multiple receive antennas, this scheme can also be applied with additional receive antenna diversity. We show the channel characteristics can be much improved with as small as 1-bit feedback overhead. Simulation shows that the proposed scheme with 1-bit feedback achieves near-optimum performance.
Space–time block code
Diversity gain
Transmit diversity
Coding gain
Antenna diversity
Full Rate
Code (set theory)
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Citations (15)