Comparison of Two Immunoassays for Detection of Entamoeba histolytica
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ABSTRACT Effective diagnostic tools are essential in order to combat disease caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica . In this study, we compared the commercially available Ridascreen Entamoeba test (R-Biopharm) and the E. histolytica II test (Techlab), and we found that the E. histolytica II test detects E. histolytica infections more accurately.Keywords:
Entamoeba
Amoebiasis
Abstract Entamoeba species are unicellular eukaryotes that parasitise all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates. Only three species of Entamoeba have been proven to cause disease and sometimes death in their hosts: Entamoeba histolytica , a parasite of humans, Entamoeba nuttalli , a parasite of nonhuman primates and Entamoeba invadens , a parasite of reptiles. Other species appear to live as commensals in their hosts and do not cause evident disease. Amoebiasis is defined as infection with E. histolytica regardless of symptoms. Most cases of amoebiasis are asymptomatic, but E. histolytica can rarely cause intestinal or disseminated disease. Identification of E. histolytica is complicated by the existence of two morphologically identical amoebae that may also colonise the human intestinal tract, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii , neither of which are thought to cause disease. Entamoeba spp. are commonly studied to gain further insight into protozoal evolution, amoeboid locomotion and cell‐killing ability, among other topics. Key Concepts: Entamoeba species are unicellular eukaryotes in the supergroup Amoebozoa. Entamoeba species parasitise all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates. The life cycle of most Entamoeba species consists of a motile, feeding and reproductive trophozoite stage and an environmentally resistant cyst stage responsible for transmitting the infection. Most Entamoeba species do not cause disease in their host and are considered commensal organisms. Entamoeba histolytica infection is referred to as amoebiasis regardless of whether or not symptoms are present. Most infections with E. histolytica in humans are asymptomatic, but E. histolytica can rarely cause dysentery or disseminated disease and is associated with significant human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diagnosis and epidemiologic studies of E. histolytica are complicated by the presence of morphologically identical amoebae in human faeces. Entamoeba species are studied to gain insights into aspects of biology, including human disease, parasitism, evolution, cell locomotion and cell‐killing mechanisms.
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Entamoeba histolytica , the causative agent of intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis, is a common parasitic cause of significant morbidity and mortality in the developing countries. Hence, early detection and differentiation of pathogenic E. histolytica from nonpathogenic/commensal Entamoeba spp (Entamoeba dispar/Entamoeba moshkovskii/Entamoeba bangladeshi) plays a crucial role in clinical management of patients with amebiasis. Most diagnostic tests currently available do not reliably differentiate between the species of Entamoeba and are less sensitive, cumbersome to perform. Molecular-based methods are highly sensitive, easy to perform and differentiates the pathogenic Entamoeba from nonpathogenic species, serving the criteria for an ideal diagnostic test for amebiasis. Recently, microarray technology has been found to be a promising tool for the diagnostic and epidemiological evaluation of amebiasis.
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Amoebiasis is a food-borne protozoan infection, caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Here a case of hepatopleuropulmonary amoebiasis, which was detected after fibre-optic bronchoscopy is reported. Bronchial aspirate showed trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. The patient was treated with tinidazole and responded favourably.
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Amoebiasis is an infectious disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), the common symptoms are cramping, abdominal pain, watery or bloody diarrhea, and weight loss. Sometimes patients suffer amoebiasis as an asymptomatic behavior. In 1859 scientist W.D. Lambl first described the amoebiasis vector E. histolytica. In developing countries, millions of people die due to amoebiasis. A doctor diagnosed the disease detection of E. histolytic antigen in stool or antibodies against the parasite in serum. Metronidazole, tinidazole, lodoquinol, diloxanide furoate are given for amoebiasis patients. In this review, we have summarized the statistics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategy of amoebiasis disease. It also gives information about the life cycle of E. histolytica.
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Entamoeba histolytica is the only Entamoeba species that causes amoebiasis in humans. Approximately 50 million people are infected, with 100 000 deaths annually in endemic countries. Molecular diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica is important to differentiate it from the morphologically identical Entamoeba dispar to avoid unnecessary medication. Conventional molecular diagnostic tests require trained personnel, cold-chain transportation and/or are storage-dependent, which make them user-unfriendly. The aim of this study was to develop a thermostabilized, one-step, nested, tetraplex PCR assay for the detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba species in cold-chain-free and ready-to-use form. The PCR test was designed based on the Entamoeba small subunit rRNA (SSU-rRNA) gene, which detects the presence of any Entamoeba species, and simultaneously can be used to differentiate Entamoeba histolytica from Entamoeba dispar. In addition, a pair of primers was designed to serve as an internal amplification control to help identify inhibitors in the samples. All PCR reagents together with the designed primers were thermostabilized by lyophilization and were stable at 24 °C for at least 6 months. The limit of detection of the tetraplex PCR was found to be 39 pg DNA or 1000 cells for Entamoeba histolytica and 78 pg DNA or 1000 cells for Entamoeba dispar, and the specificity was 100 %. In conclusion, this cold-chain-free, thermostabilized, one-step, nested, multiplex PCR assay was found to be efficacious in differentiating Entamoeba histolytica from other non-pathogenic Entamoeba species.
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Abstract Entamoeba species are unicellular eukaryotes that parasitise all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates. Only three species of Entamoeba have been proven to cause disease and sometimes death in their hosts: Entamoeba histolytica , a parasite of humans, Entamoeba nuttalli , a parasite of nonhuman primates and Entamoeba invadens , a parasite of reptiles. Other species appear to live as commensals in their hosts and do not cause evident disease. Amoebiasis is defined as infection with E. histolytica . Most cases of amoebiasis are asymptomatic, but E. histolytica can cause intestinal or disseminated disease. Identification of E. histolytica is complicated by the existence of three morphologically identical amoebae that may also colonise the human intestinal tract, Entamoeba dispar , Entamoeba bangladeshi and Entamoeba moshkovskii , none of which have been proven to cause disease (although the potential for pathogenicity in the latter two is not fully understood). Entamoeba spp. are commonly studied to gain further insight into protozoal evolution, amoeboid locomotion and cell‐killing ability, amongst other topics. Key Concepts Entamoeba species are unicellular eukaryotes in the supergroup Amoebozoa. Entamoeba species parasitise all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates. The life cycle of most Entamoeba species consists of a motile, feeding and reproductive trophozoite stage and an environmentally resistant cyst stage responsible for transmitting the infection. Most Entamoeba species do not cause disease in their host and are considered commensal organisms. Entamoeba histolytica infection is referred to as amoebiasis regardless of whether symptoms are present. Most infections with E. histolytica in humans are asymptomatic, but E. histolytica can rarely cause dysentery or disseminated disease and is associated with significant human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diagnosis and epidemiologic studies of E. histolytica are complicated by the presence of morphologically identical amoebae in human faeces. Entamoeba species are studied to gain insights into aspects of biology, including human disease, parasitism, evolution, cell locomotion and cell‐killing mechanisms.
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Entamoeba coli
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