Myt1 and Ngn3 form a feed-forward expression loop to promote endocrine islet cell differentiation
Sui WangJacob Hecksher‐SørensenYanwen XuAizhen ZhaoYuval DorLouise C. RosenbergPalle SerupGuoqiang Gu
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Enteroendocrine cell
The gastroinestinal - pancreatic endocrine system, being a part of the diffuse neuro - endocrine system contains diffusely scattered cells and cell groups in the covering epithelium and glands from the gastro-intestinal tract. Although there is still no digestion in those early stages of embryo development the endocrine cells are highly differentiated and show morphologic characteristics that are identical with the ones in adults. The aim of the current study is the making of an ultra-structural characteristic of the different types of endocrine cells in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract of human embryos in the 5 th -6 th gestation week. The ultra- structural description of the endocrine cells in the mucosa of the gastro-intestinal tract of human embryos is one of the directions in their study which is trying to uncover the fundamental question of their embryonic origin.
Enteroendocrine cell
Human gastrointestinal tract
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The modern classification of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system (GEPES) is presented. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the entero-endocrine system (EES) included in the GEPES is considered, as well as functional role of every type of the cells. The literature data are summarized and the morphology at the light optic and electron microscopic levels of the endocrine cells and the peptidergic nerves of the intestine is demonstrated. The existing methods for investigation of the EES endocrine cells and for the whole neuroendocrine complex of the gastro-intestinal tract taken together are analysed.
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Ultrastructural organization of the endocrine apparatus of the duodenum in children suffering from chronic gastroduodenitis was studied on 15 biopsies, and its involvement in pathological process is shown. Signs of the functional activity enhancement on the one hand and those of damage on the other hand are observed in the cells. Apart from that, poorly differentiated endocrine cells and "mixed" endocrine and exo-endocrine cells which can be considered as a manifestation of endocrine elements recovery appear in the duodenal epithelium.
Enteroendocrine cell
Duodenitis
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Islets are composed mostly of beta-cells, and therefore stem cell research has concentrated on generating purified beta-cells, neglecting the other endocrine cell types in the islet. We investigated the presence of endocrine non-beta-cells after islet transplantation. In addition, we studied whether the transplantation of pure beta-cells, in volumes similar to that used in islet transplantation, would suffice to reverse hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. Rat islets were dispersed and beta-cells were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting according to their endogenous fluorescence. After reaggregation, 600 islet equivalents of the purified beta-cell aggregates were implanted into diabetic SCID mice. In mice implanted with beta-cell-enriched aggregates, the hyperglycemia was reversed and good graft function over a 12-week period was observed with regard to glucose and insulin levels, glucose tolerance tests, and graft insulin content. The endocrine cell composition of the beta-cell-enriched aggregates remained constant; before and 12 weeks after transplantation, the beta-cell-enriched aggregates comprised 95% beta-cells and 5% endocrine non-beta-cells. However, islet grafts, despite originally having comprised 75% beta-cells and 25% endocrine non-beta-cells, comprised just 5% endocrine non-beta-cells after transplantation, indicating a loss of these cells. beta-Cell-enriched aggregates can effectively reverse hyperglycemia in mice, and transplanted intact islets are depleted in non-beta-cells. It is therefore likely that islet non-beta-cells are not essential for successful islet transplantation.
Enteroendocrine cell
Cell Sorting
Islet cell transplantation
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Enteroendocrine cell
Endocrine gland
Cell type
Genital tract
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Enteroendocrine cell
Endocrine gland
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Enteroendocrine cell
Immunofluorescence
Pancreatic polypeptide
Endocrine gland
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
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Enteroendocrine cell
Progenitor
Lineage (genetic)
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Enteroendocrine cell
Endocrine gland
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The epithelium of colon mucosa of the adult cow was studied using the methods of light and electron microscopy to demonstrate the endocrine cells. Individual fluctuations of the endocrine cell content was noted as well as an increase in the total number of endocrine cells in the rectal epithelium, that was more pronounced tan in other vertebrates. Four types of endocrine cells were demonstrated: EC, L, D, D1. The variability of dimensions and shape of granules in EC-cells was found to be less tan in other vertebrate species. In some D1-cells the mucous granules were observed along with endocrine ones, thus indicating the presence of "mixed" exo-endocrine cells. Undifferentiated endocrine cells were also detected that were found at the bottom of the crypts. The features indicated above are the specific peculiarities of endocrine apparatus of the mucosal epithelium of cow colon.
Enteroendocrine cell
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Intestinal mucosa
Endocrine gland
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